Zusammenfassung
Die epigenetische Altersschätzung anhand von DNA-Methylierungsmarkern mithilfe molekulargenetischer Analyseverfahren ist im vergangenen Jahrzehnt intensiv untersucht worden und findet ...zunehmend Anwendung in der forensischen Routinearbeit, v. a. zur Altersschätzung unbekannter Verursacher von Tatortspuren. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit soll ein Verständnis der wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen sowie der praktischen Durchführung der epigenetischen Altersschätzung im Kontext forensischer Routinearbeit vermitteln. Die DNA-Methylierung wird als Biomarker für das chronologische Alter vorgestellt und die grundlegende Funktionsweise mathematischer Schätzmodelle erklärt. Zudem werden die gängigsten Sequenzierungsplattformen zur Methylierungsanalyse erläutert, und es wird auf deren Vor- und Nachteile in Bezug auf die Anwendbarkeit bei forensisch relevantem Probenmaterial eingegangen. Ein weiterer Fokus dieser Übersichtsarbeit liegt auf der Darstellung der Ergebnisse der epigenetischen Altersschätzung und der Formulierung der Schätzgenauigkeit mit konkreten Vorschlägen für eine verständliche Präsentation der Ergebnisse. In Bezug auf die rechtlichen Grundlagen der Anwendung der epigenetischen Altersschätzung wird deutlich gemacht, dass damit keine genetisch festgeschriebenen individualisierenden Eigenschaften einer Person offengelegt werden und diese somit den konventionellen medizinisch-diagnostischen Analysen zugeordnet werden kann.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•Chlorine poisoning occurs in industrial and household accidents worldwide.•3-Chloro-l-tyrosine is a potential marker of chlorine poisoning.•We developed a quantification method of ...3-chloro-l-tyrosine utilizing GC–MS.•This is the first report of determination of 3-chloro-l-tyrosine in the autopsy sample.
Chlorine gas exposure occurs in chemical warfare, industrial and household accidents. In forensic science, the generation of chlorine gas by mixing sodium hypochlorite detergent and strong acid detergent cannot be overlooked because of the possibility of suicide method (NaClO + 2HCl → NaCl + H2O + Cl2). Though typical autopsy findings are obtained in chlorine exposure, such as pulmonary edema, useful biomarkers don’t exist. In this research, we developed an analytical method of 3-chloro-l-tyrosine (Cl-Tyr) in blood as a novel marker of chlorine poisoning utilizing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Cl-Tyr was purified using protein precipitation and cation-exchange solid phase extraction, derivatized by the silylation agent and subjected to GC–MS. The quantification range was 10–200 ng/mL and good reproducibility was obtained. We applied the developed method to analyze Cl-Tyr in autopsy sample, which is suspected of chlorine poisoning, and detected 59.7 ng/mL Cl-Tyr in left heart blood. To our knowledge, this is the first report of determination of the chlorinated biomolecule in the human autopsy sample from chlorine poisoning.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has had profound effects on global health, healthcare, and public health policy. It has also impacted education. Within undergraduate healthcare education of doctors, ...nurses, and allied professions, rapid shifts to distance learning and pedagogic content creation within new realities, demands of healthcare practice settings, shortened curricula, and/or earlier graduation have also challenged ethics teaching in terms of curriculum allotments or content specification. We propose expanding the notion of resilience to the field of ethics education under the conditions of remote learning. Educational resilience starts in the virtual classroom of ethics teaching, initially constituted as an “unpurposed space” of exchange about the pandemic’s challenging impact on students and educators. This continuously transforms into “purposed space” of reflection, discovering ethics as a repertory of orientative knowledge for addressing the pandemic’s challenges on personal, professional, societal, and global levels and for discovering (and then addressing) that the health of individuals and populations also has moral determinants. As such, an educational resilience framework with inherent adaptability rises to the challenge of supporting the moral agency of students acting both as professionals and as global citizens. Educational resilience is key in supporting and sustaining professional identify formation and facilitating the development of students’ moral resilience and leadership amid moral complexity and potential moral transgression—not only but especially in times of pandemic.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•Multiplex RT-PCR for multiple forensically relevant body fluids was re-designed.•Determination of the multiple markers was performed by SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer.•Cutoff value was set to eliminate ...the slight amplification in non-targeted samples.•Targeted body fluid specificities were drastically improved in this procedure.•It could be a powerful and convenient tool for forensic body fluid identification.
Body fluid identification from crime scene evidence is an essential procedure in forensic investigations. Among various procedures, multiplex reverse transcription PCR assays have a clear advantage over conventional methods because different types of body fluids can be analyzed simultaneously. For more precise, comprehensive, and objective identification of forensically relevant body fluids, 15 target genes for blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, and nasal secretion were selected; their primers were re-designed and multiplex PCR conditions were optimized to prioritize specificity for those body fluids. Multiple amplicons were separated and determined by the SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer with an all-in-one and easy-to-use cartridge. Then, the cutoff value was set for each marker to eliminate the detection of slight amplification in non-targeted body fluids. As a result, the targeted body fluid specificities of the developed procedure were drastically improved. Although successful determination of the target gene depends on sample condition and marker sensitivity, our procedure was applicable for the precise determination of body fluids in mixed body fluid stains, aged samples, and various mock casework samples. Therefore, it could be a powerful and convenient tool for the precise identification of multiple body fluids in forensic laboratories.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•We developed a simple SYBR Green-based mtDNA qPCR method.•Experiments were performed following MIQE and other guidelines.•K562 DNA at 100 pg/µL was converted into 16,400 copies/µL mtDNA using ...plasmid DNA.•NIST SRM 2372a was quantified with differences of up to −35.0% for 1/10 solutions.•Precision, effects of PCR inhibitors, and cross-reactivity were evaluated.
In forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR) is usually performed to obtain high-quality sequence data for subsequent Sanger or massively parallel sequencing. Unlike methods for nuclear DNA quantification using qPCR, a calibrator is necessary to obtain mtDNA concentrations (i.e., copies/µL). Herein, we developed and validated a mtDNA quantification method based on a SYBR Green assay by following MIQE Bustin et al., Clin. Chem. 55 (2009) 611-22 and other guidelines. Primers were designed to amplify nucleotide positions 16,190–16,420 in hypervariable region 1 for qPCR using PowerUp SYBR Green and QuantStudio 5. The optimized conditions were 0.3 µM each primer and an annealing temperature of 60 °C under a 2-step cycling protocol. K562 DNA at 100 pg/µL was converted into a mtDNA concentration of 16,400 copies/µL using linearized plasmid DNA. This mtDNA calibrator was obtained by cloning the synthesized DNA fragments of mtDNA (positions 16,140–16,470) containing a 100-bp inversion. The linear dynamic range of the K562 standard curve was 10,000–0.1 pg/µL (r2 ≥ 0.999). The accuracy was examined using NIST SRM 2372a, and its components A, B, and C were quantified with differences of −29.4%, −35.0%, and −22.0%, respectively, against the mtDNA concentrations calculated from published NIST data. We also examined the specificity of the primers, stability of the reaction mix, precision, tolerance against PCR inhibitors, and cross-reactivity against DNA from various animal taxa. Our newly developed mtDNA quantification method is expected to be useful for forensic mtDNA analysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
496.
ASPEK HUKUM KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN Agus Pramono
Masalah-masalah hukum : majalah Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Diponegoro,
10/2013, Volume:
42, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Chicago Convention, 1944 is an instrument of international law which is produced by the International Civil Aviation Organization (/CAO), regulate international civil aviation including aviation ...safety material that binds to all /CAO member States. Aircraft is a high-tech product in order to set aviation safety requirements and regulations are very strict non-negotiable slightest. The regulations are very strict in the aviation world devoted to creating a safe flight. Realization of aviation safety depends on a variety of factors related to both quality and disciplined crew, passenger awareness of the importance of aviation safety (body and protective facilities) and natural factors.
Constitutional supremacy - the contemporary refined form of the supremacy of the law - is the foundation upon which present supreme constitutions such as that of the United States of America and ...South Africa are based. Nevertheless, we find the opposite principle, namely that of popular sovereignty also featuring prominently in these constitutions. According to the doctrine underpinning the supreme constitution, the tension between the two is decisively resolved in favour of the supremacy of the law (and the constitution). However, there is a growing critical literature which questions whether the supremacy principle is actually predominant. It is argued, for example, that the most important changes to supreme constitutions result from dominant forces within the populus, beyond the amendment provisions of these constitutions. This literature underscores the need to revisit the relationship between legal supremacy and popular sovereignty. This article enquires into this question, more specifically with reference to the possible insights that might be gained from certain trends in the pre-modern and early modern thinking regarding the relationship between these two principles. The inquiry shows that the conceptions of legal supremacy and popular sovereignty were unified into one single harmonious constitutional theory. This article describes and explains this erstwhile union. It is concluded that popular sovereignty in the form of communal custom, or more correctly, the customs and practices of the dominant forces within the populus, were the active driving force of pre-modern constitutionalism. This is informative for present constitutional theory as it explains why the dominant forces within the populus so decisively determine the fate of the supreme constitution.
...it is certainly true that there is consensus(even though not complete) on the permissibility of scientific experiments on sentient animals, aimed at advances in knowledge and clinical progress for ...human beings. ...it cannot be ruled out that those who devalue the relevance of consciousness tend to focus on intelligence, that is, the functional capacity of the subject, his/her ability to perform more or less codified tasks. ...moral intuition is what seems to provide us with the basic preconditions of moral reasoning, that is, the fact of sharing at least some of the basic values of the subjects involved. ...one could try to develop a mind-brain with the aim of studying the appearance and evolution of primary sensitivity and then of brain states with minimal consciousness precisely to understand the bases and mechanisms of consciousness that are mostly still unknown.
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BFBNIB, CMK, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Much publicity has surrounded the use of gag clauses in contracts between insurance companies or their pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) and pharmacies. These clauses prohibit pharmacists from ...voluntarily informing patients that their prescription medication may cost less if paid for directly by them instead of through their insurance. By concealing the least expensive way to purchase a medication, critics state that gag clauses reduce transparency and medication affordability for patients and appear to be counterintuitive to one of the major activities of a PBM—negotiation of drug pricing. Due to the uproar surrounding these clauses, the bipartisan Patient Right to Know Drug Prices Act was recently introduced in Congress to effectively ban the practice.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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