The paper examines the legal status and treatment of crypto assets in the context of contractual obligations. The analysis begins by considering the evolution from cryptocurrencies to crypto-goods, ...with special reference to definitions and terms used in the context of private law transactions. Then, the author focuses on the contractual parties under the EU Regulation on Markets in Crypto Asset (MiCa, 2023) and the Serbian Digital Assets Act (DA Act, 2020), where crypto-assets are predominantly treated as investment assets. Special attention is given to e-money tokens in the context of monetary obligations, as well as to Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that have not yet been covered by regulations. The paper also refers to the contracting of crypto services, exploring how contractual relationships are formed and regulated, and elaborating on legal transactions based on contracts within the blockchain environment and tokenization. In conclusion, the paper draws attention to the problematic terminology used in the Serbian Digital Assets Act (2020), stating that the term "digital asset" (srb. "digitalna imovina") is too broad and inadequate, and proposes the term "crypto asset" (srb. "kripto dobro") which is defined through two key elements: the private nature of the good and the use of cryptography within the Digital Ledger Technology (DLT). This paper correlates the general theory of contract law and nominate contracts when the contractor's performance is in crypto.
The notion of the written form of contracts and other legal transactions is analyzed in this paper. Historical development of formal legal transactions as well as the comparative law dimension of the ...form of contracts and other legal transactions are briefly addressed. The possibilities to acknowledge the legal effects of the written form in the case of electronic declarations of will are also analyzed. A particular emphasis is placed on different possibilities to interpret the relevant provisions of the Civil Obligations Act regarding the fulfillment of requirements for the written form if a contract is concluded electronically. The provisions of the German BGB are also discussed because of the fact that German law is to a larger extent adapted to the electronic declaration of will (declaration of will in electronic form and declaration of will in text form). A part of the paper relates to situations in which the parties to a contract agree that they shall conduct their business exclusively in written form. Although the provisions on the written form are of a mandatory nature, considering that they regulate conditions for the validity of contract, when the parties to a contract agree that a certain contract must be in writing, they actually exploit the freedom of contract principle. This fact should be borne in mind when parties agree that any modifications to or rescission of a contract must be in writing. If this is the case, the will of the parties should be taken into the account, because it is in accordance with the pacta sunt servanda principle, and there are no mandatory provisions that would nullify such an agreement. Naturally, the validity of such agreements can be challenged if they are contrary to the good faith principle or the prohibition of the abuse of right principle.
This article examines the regulation of the personal non-property rights of athletes in the context of modern contractual structures used in their professional activities. The author justifies that ...contracts used in professional sports have their own characteristics. The article analyzes European and Ukrainian legislation and individual contracts with the participation of athletes, which makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the presence and use of atypical contractual structures in this field. In general, the article emphasizes the need to use contractual structures to regulate not only the professional activities of athletes but also the regulation of personal non-property rights, which is more than topical in modern conditions.
The notion of the written form of contracts and other legal transactions is analyzed in this paper. Historical development of formal legal transactions as well as the comparative law dimension of the ...form of contracts and other legal transactions are briefly addressed. The possibilities to acknowledge the legal effects of the written form in the case of electronic declarations of will are also analyzed. A particular emphasis is placed on different possibilities to interpret the relevant provisions of the Civil Obligations Act regarding the fulfillment of requirements for the written form if a contract is concluded electronically. The provisions of the German BGB are also discussed because of the fact that German law is to a larger extent adapted to the electronic declaration of will (declaration of will in electronic form and declaration of will in text form). A part of the paper relates to situations in which the parties to a contract agree that they shall conduct their business exclusively in written form. Although the provisions on the written form are of a mandatory nature, considering that they regulate conditions for the validity of contract, when the parties to a contract agree that a certain contract must be in writing, they actually exploit the freedom of contract principle. This fact should be borne in mind when parties agree that any modifications to or rescission of a contract must be in writing. If this is the case, the will of the parties should be taken into the account, because it is in accordance with the pacta sunt servanda principle, and there are no mandatory provisions that would nullify such an agreement. Naturally, the validity of such agreements can be challenged if they are contrary to the good faith principle or the prohibition of the abuse of right principle.
The regulatory function of Article 199a Tax Ordinance Act, hereinafter: T.O. is to supplement tax authoritiescompetences deriving from other regulations of evidence proceeding to establish the facts. ...Determination of a transaction hidden under apparently correct fiscal and legal state of affairs results in consequences that can be seen in private law, tax law and, ultimately, penal fiscal law. The purpose of the paper is to point out to inter-dependencies that relate to final decisions and to the whole process of decision taking in the above-mentioned aspects of application of law.
Das Phänomen der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) gewinnt im Vertrags- und Deliktsrecht zunehmend an Bedeutung. Für die Behandlung der Thematik sind Grundkenntnisse der KI notwendig. Die Autoren ...beschreiben im notwendigen Maße die technischen Aspekte der KI. Sie zeigen auf, dass implementierte KI nichts anderes ist als Computersoftware. KI kann sich zwar unterschiedlich verhalten, dies ist aber immer deterministisch begründet. Es bestehen Herausforderungen bei der Vorhersehbarkeit und Erklärbarkeit der Folgen von KI (xAI). Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Auswirkungen auf das Vertrags- und Deliktsrecht untersucht. Eine (Teil-)Rechtsfähigkeit von KI bietet dabei keinen Mehrwert. Die wahren Herausforderungen der KI liegen anderswo.
A contract is a means for self-organization and self-regulation of civil and legal relations between parties in the Civil Code of Ukraine. A distinguishing feature of a contractual obligation is the ...dependence of the beginning of a legal fact in its structure on the lawful will of a party (act) to a legal transaction or objective circumstance of reality (events). The objective of the paper is to study the mechanism of termination of obligations by determining the legal framework for its functioning. The specificity of legal facts of normative-compensating nature was determined by the use of normative and protective functions in the legislation. Civil property and its legal regulation of relations are aimed at achieving the legal result determined by their participants at the stage of the exercise of rights. The study reveals that the compensating effect of the legal termination mechanism is expressed at the stage of legal termination, which involves compensating the inability to correct a defect of a legal fact that hinders the achievement of a goal of legal regulation when exercising the right to the start of an anticipated legal effect according to a legal model of legal subjects accepted by the participants of the civil relations. The author dwells upon one of the forms of termination of contractual obligations, more specifically, on the beginning of cancellation and on the deferred status of a legal transaction.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Breaching of contractual obligations may lead to certain negative consequences. Hence, this work analyzes the theoretical aspects of termination of contractual obligations in Ukraine’s civil law. The ...article aims to study the obligation termination mechanism by determining the legal framework for its functioning. The author focuses on one of the forms of contractual obligation termination, more specifically, the start of cancellation and deferred status of a legal transaction. Using normative and protective functions in legislation, the author plans to determine specifics of legal facts of normative compensatory nature. It is established, that the condition for cancellation of a legal transaction, can be a direct or reverse mechanism for the termination of contractual obligations. A condition for cancellation of a legal transaction can be applied to the whole transaction or to its separate parts.
La violación de obligaciones contractuales puede causar consecuencias negativas. Por tanto el trabajo analiza los aspectos teóricos de la terminación de obligaciones contractuales en el Código Civil de Ucrania. El artículo apunta a estudiar los mecanismos de terminación de obligaciones determinando el marco legal para su funcionamiento. El autor se enfoca en una de las formas de terminación de obligación contractual, específicamente en el estatus de cancelación y diferimiento de la transacción legal. Usando funciones normativas y protectoras de la legislación, el autor busca determinar las especificidades de los hechos legales de naturaleza normativa compensatoria. Se establece que las condiciones para la cancelación de una transacción legal pueden ser un mecanismo directo para la terminación de obligaciones contractuales. Una condición para la cancelación puede aplicarse a toda la transacción o a sus partes por separado.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, ODKLJ, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Breaching of contractual obligations may lead to certain negative consequences. Hence, this work analyzes the theoretical aspects of termination of contractual obligations in Ukraine's civil law. The ...article aims to study the obligation termination mechanism by determining the legal framework for its functioning. The author focuses on one of the forms of contractual obligation termination, more specifically, the start of cancellation and deferred status of a legal transaction. Using normative and protective functions in legislation, the author plans to determine specifics of legal facts of normative compensatory nature. It is established, that the condition for cancellation of a legal transaction, can be a direct or reverse mechanism for the termination of contractual obligations. A condition for cancellation of a legal transaction can be applied to the whole transaction or to its separate parts.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, ODKLJ, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
La historia del derecho civil italiano del último siglo estuvo marcada por un acontecimiento de gran relevancia: la sustitución de la influencia francesa por la alemana. Sin embargo, esta influencia ...ha disminuido desde hace algunas décadas. Hoy en día es marcado el interés que la cultura italiana muestra por el modelo angloamericano. A pesar de ello, el estudio de este capítulo fundamental de la reciente historia del derecho privado europeo, al cual podemos denominar “pandectística italiana”, podría facilitar la comprensión de ciertos caracteres estructurales del derecho civil italiano y mantener en vida la conciencia de un aspecto de la cultura iusprivatista que Italia comparte con Alemania y otros países europeos.
PDF
