Introduction/Main Objectives: This study investigated preferred leadership styles across Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials. The autocratic, participative, and laissez-faire were identified ...as the most prevalent styles; and were assessed to explore how the leadership styles across generations affect the role of leadership. Background Problems: Although leadership styles and perspectives have been investigated from divergent angles, the preferred leadership styles have not been explored adequately across generations. Novelty: This study endeavored at filling the gap in the literature, and to provide direction to stakeholders, as regards the preference of each generation for a particular leadership style. Research Methods: An exploratory research design was used for this study and questionnaire items were adopted from the Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project. The sample was obtained from adults over the age of eighteen from the Midwest USA and Canada. Finding/Results: The study confirmed the generally- accepted hypothesis that Baby Boomers tend to be workaholics and career-driven. The study provides direction and motivation for further confirmatory and exploratory studies pertaining to preferred leadership styles vis-à-vis generation as well as demographic, geographic, and cross-cultural variables. Conclusion: Generation X is highly focused on family, life, and work. The millennial generation has modern values and believes in treating everyone equally, though with a desire to be the center of attention for stealing the spotlight.
Given the unforeseen and uncertain circumstances during the pandemic, the role of government expenditure becomes extremely relevant in sustaining lives and livelihoods of the masses. This brings ...forth public sector deficit as a key issue of macroeconomic policy debate. This article aims at investigating the effects of an unanticipated adverse shock like COVID-19, on the real value of public debt, in a small open economy, consisting of traded and non-traded sectors, along with proposed management of such crisis with fiscal and monetary expansion. The results of policy-induced and exogenous shocks depend on the difference in the speeds of adjustments in real exchange rate, interest rate and real value of debt, and the associated multitudes of cross effects. While an unanticipated adverse shock like COVID-19 causes contraction of both traded and non-traded sectors and reduces consumption expenditure, investment expenditure and level of employment and real value of aggregate income in the short run, fiscal expansion causes higher real value of debt and lower real exchange rate.
JEL Codes: E12, E62, H63
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The article highlights the experience of Novosibirsk State University in preparation of specialists demanded by the labor market and in organization of student support in the process of employment. ...Special attention is paid to the organization of graduates’ career monitoring. The potential employers of university graduates are necessarily involved in the educational process and the development of the new academic disciplines and programs. Assistance in the employment process includes organization of meetings with employers and business coaches as well as representatives of headhunters agencies. The monitoring of the graduates’ employability is carried out to identify their actual level of employment and the relevance of knowledge gained. It allows to estimate successfulness of the educational process and the relevance of education areas. The survey is organized on an annual basis for the last-year graduates, and then it is repeated every 5-10 years. The article presents the results of two surveys of the graduates (2006 and 2016). Graduates of the 2010-2016 were interviewed in 2016, graduates of 1991-2004 – in 2006. Graduates of the 2010-2016 were interviewed in 2016, 1991-2004 – in 2006. The results showed that the level of graduates’ job placement within their specialty obtained on the departments focused on scientific activity has not changed during the last 25 years. Approximately 90% of graduates were working within their specialty during the first year after graduation from the university. This value reduces slightly over time. The same can be said about the graduates of the departments of information technologies and law. At the same time, the percentage of the graduates of economic specialties involved in business have declined by half.
The purpose of this paper is to estimate disguised unemployment in Iran manufacturing industries. For this purpose, we have used a dynamic employment model. The labor requirement frontier was ...approximated by applying Frontier Analysis method and translog cost function. The model is applied to a panel of nine groups of Iranian manufacturing industries based on two-digit ISIC classification for the period 1995-2012. We define disguised unemployment as the difference between optimal employment and actual employment. To find optimal employment we have used employment frontier function and we have defined optimal employment as the minimum labor requirement for a specified level of output. Our findings show that on average, disguised unemployment was more than 47 percent of total employments in manufacturing industries. However, this proportion was higher in group of “miscellaneous industries” (75 percent), followed by “nonmetallic minerals” (74/8 percent), but it was much lower in “textiles, apparel and leather industries” (2 percent) and “woods and furniture industries” (6 percent). In industries as important as “machinery” and “transport equipment”, disguised unemployment was around 58 percent. These findings seem reasonable, stemming probably from under-utilization of capacity in manufacturing industries.
The presented publication analyses unemployment and employment processes in the context of administrative regions of the Carpatho-Podilsky region of the Ukraine. The issues of economic activity of ...the population, types of appeals of local population to employment services, age structure of employment, level of employment, regional labour services, employment of population by sex-age structure are highlighted.
The presented publication analyses unemployment and employment processes in the context of administrative regions of the Carpatho-Podilsky region of the Ukraine. The issues of economic activity of ...the population, types of appeals of local population to employment services, age structure of employment, level of employment, regional labour services, employment of population by sex-age structure are highlighted.
The paper presents, in a synthetic way, the problems of dynamics of labour market of “ten new member states” that joined EU in 2004, focusing mainly on the level of employment and taking into account ...the lines of business and age employees. The time range from 2000 to 2011, selected for the purpose of the analysis, includes the years that directly preceded and directly followed the accession to the EU and aims at determining possible changes in parameters that characterise the labour market in selected states.
La Constitución colombiana de 1991 contiene un mandato en favor del pleno empleo. Este artículo examina el lugar que ocupa ese mandato en el marco legal de la política macroeconómica y las ...implicaciones que de allí se derivan a efectos de su cumplimiento. El examen se centra en la asignación de funciones dentro del Estado y en el control de los objetivos e instrumentos de política de las autoridades fiscales, en comparación con el mandato de la estabilidad de precios y los poderes otorgados a las autoridades monetarias.
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The aim of this paper is to present the main ideas that could form the core of the Post-Keynesian approach to the analysis of labour demand at both micro- and macroeconomic levels. Specifically, this ...paper first reviews the essential elements characterising the Post-Keynesian approach to microeconomic analysis of labour demand. To do this, the "traditional view" is first presented, associated with the concept of the firm characterised by the presence of fixed technical coefficients and capacity reserves, and then the essential features of an alternative and more innovative view are described, based on the concept of the firm that emanates from the competence-based theories of organisation. Subsequently, the core of the Post-Keynesian contributions at the macroeconomic level is presented, organising them into two sections: first, those contributions that break away from the "second classical postulate" and second, those that additionally steer away from the "first classical postulate". Finally, the paper summarizes the main ideas that could be the core of the post-Keynesian approach to the analysis of labour demand, both in micro- and macroeconomic fields.
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The study investigates how the Finnish model of providing initial vocational education and training (IVET) has succeeded in terms of enhancing educational progress and employability. A relatively ...high level of participation in IVET makes the Finnish model distinctive from those of three other Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. All four Nordic countries have wellorganised labour markets and universal types of welfare states. Priority is given to goals related to equal opportunities and social inclusion. At the same time, these countries have different models of IVET. While the study compares the Finnish model of organising IVET to those of other Nordic countries, it also examines the German and UK models, which represent differing societal approaches to IVET. The differences in the outcomes of the IVET systems are described and analysed through reviewing secondary data provided by Eurydice and Eurostat, along with country reports produced in a Nordic comparative project, Nord-VET.
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