The study aims to reveal lexical differences and phonological differences in Javanese in East Java Province. Data were collected from a sample of three regions, namely Banyuwangi, Surabaya, and ...Magetan. Banyuwangi was chosen because of its location at the eastern end of Java Island and directly adjacent to Madura and Bali Island. Surabaya was chosen because of its strategic location as the center of government as well as the Capital of East Java Province. Meanwhile, Magetan was chosen because of its location in the west end of East Java Province and directly adjacent to Central Java Province. This research is a quantitative one. The data were Javanese language used by adults in East Java. The research instrument was Nothofer questionnaire which was modified by Kisyani to be 829 glossaries of words/phrases. The results of the study revealed that 1) the most lexical of Javanese was in the western and eastern parts of East Java while the least was in the central government of East Java Province, Surabaya, 2) lexical differences in Javanese in East Java resulted in five dialects and two sub dialects, and 3) Phonological differences in Javanese in East Java produced seven speeches.
Purpose
This study aims to identify and measure the lexical gap between the old and young generations in the Jizani dialect and determine the causes of that gap.
Design/methodology/approach
A 20-item ...questionnaire was distributed randomly among 104 participants. Next, 12 participants were selected and interviewed. SPSS software was used to analyse the quantitative data from the questionnaire. The data elicited from the interviews was qualitatively analysed, considering age and gender factors.
Findings
The major findings revealed that a lexical gap between old and young language speakers in the Jizani dialect exists. The gap between young females and the older generation was greater than that between young and old males. Some old words are likely to disappear in the coming decades. Social media, which is a time-consuming and word-borrowing medium for young people, was one of the reasons, besides the tendency of females to use prestigious words.
Originality/value
This study attempted to find the differences between the vocabularies of old and young speakers. If it does exist, is it significant? What are the reasons for this lexical gap? This will help other researchers and dialectologists register the old words before they die out and try to bridge that lexical gap.
The relevance of the researched problem is caused by the need to study the lexical features of these languages, and to show students of a real linguistic situation when studying the Persian language. ...The aim of the article is to consider the lexical features of interlingual homonyms in modern Persian, Dari and Tajik. The leading approach in the studying of this issue is a problem-thematic approach. The study of interlingual homonyms in terms of their features and the review of the situations in which they are used in the Persian and Tajik languages, shows the possible approaches to the description of their semantics 19, 281. And at its queue this is a new direction in the modern Persian lexicography, which is of a great scientific benefit. The submissions of this article may be useful in the teaching of the modern Persian, Tajik, Dari languages as well as when lecturing on the lexicology and dialectology of Persian, Tajik, Dari.
A relevância do problema pesquisado deve-se à necessidade de estudar as características lexicais dessas línguas, e de mostrar aos alunos uma situação lingüística real no estudo da língua persa. O objetivo do artigo é considerar as características lexicais dos homônimos interlinguísticos no persa, dari e tadjique modernos. A abordagem principal no estudo desta questão é uma abordagem problema-temática. O estudo dos homônimos interlinguísticos em termos de suas características e a revisão das situações em que são usados nas línguas persa e tadjique, mostra as abordagens possíveis para a descrição de sua semântica 19, 281. E em sua fila esta é uma nova direção na lexicografia persa moderna, que é de grande benefício científico. As submissões deste artigo podem ser úteis no ensino das línguas persa, tadjique e dari modernas, bem como nas palestras sobre lexicologia e dialetologia persa, tadjique e dari.
La relevancia del problema investigado se debe a la necesidad de estudiar las características léxicas de estos idiomas, y mostrar a los estudiantes una situación lingüística real al estudiar el idioma persa. El objetivo del artículo es considerar las características léxicas de los homónimos interlingüísticos en persa, dari y tayiko modernos. El enfoque principal en el estudio de este tema es un enfoque temático de problemas. El estudio de los homónimos interlingüísticos en términos de sus características y la revisión de las situaciones en las que se utilizan en las lenguas persa y tayika, muestra los posibles enfoques para la descripción de su semántica 19, 281. Y en su cola esta es una nueva dirección en la lexicografía persa moderna, que es de gran beneficio científico. Las presentaciones de este artículo pueden ser útiles en la enseñanza de los idiomas persa, tayiko y dari modernos, así como para dar conferencias sobre lexicología y dialectología del persa, tayiko y dari.
The article gives an overview of Estonian landscape terms meaning ‘field’ in historical dictionaries. The main equivalents for English
in Estonian are
,
and
. Neither in standard Estonian nor in the ...dialects, these three words are full synonyms. In the historical dictionaries, the Estonian words occur first in the 17
century as translations of German
,
and
Later, for example in the Estonian-German dictionary, published in 1869, their meanings are more precisely defined. The semantic relations of the words in dialect speech and their interpretation in the historical dictionaries will be analysed. The three words are used in all Finnic languages. Comparing the words with dialect and cognate language data, their semantic differences and distribution in dialects will be introduced.
Dialectology study on Javanese language in Banyuwangi, Surabaya, Magetan and Solo is significant as it reveals the lexical and phonological differences of Javanese “ngoko” in the four ...areasresearched. The areas were chosen due to the following reason; Banyuwangi is located in the eastern tip of Java Island and directly borders the islands of Bali and Madura, Surabaya is the capital of East Java province as well as a metropolitan city, Magetan is located in the western tip of East Java Province which is directly adjacent to Central Java Province, and Solo is the center of Javanese culture in Central Java. The focus of this research is to calculate the number of lexical and phonological differences of Javanese “ngoko” in Banyuwangi, Surabaya, Magetan and Solo. This research uses quantitative researchwith (the or a) descriptive method. The data of the research is Javanese “ngoko”.The instrument is Nothofer questionnaires modified by Kisyani by developing Swadesh's list into 829 words/phrases. The results of the research reveal(1) the largest number of Javanese “ngoko” lexical is found in Solo while theleast were found in Surabaya. The lexical differences of Javanese “ngoko” in Banyuwangi, Surabaya, Magetan, and Solo resulted in one utterance, two dialects and four subdialects, (2)19 patterns of phonological differences in Javanese “ngoko” were found. Finally, the phonological differences of Javanese “ngoko” in Banyuwangi, Surabaya, Magetan, and Solo resulted in four utterances.
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Natural Languages adopt a variety of structural strategies and architectures in ordering syntactic constituents. We will try in this paper to explain how these strategies and architectures are ...explained within the Minimalist Program framework. According to this framework, the most significant parametric differences between natural languages in constituent word order are widely and strongly limited to lexical differences. They are specifically attributed to the N-features and V-features of lexical items that occupy the functional category nodes, basically elements belonging to the functional categories Agreement and Tense: “The N-features are those that are checked off against a DP in Spec, AGRP (or, potentially, Spec, TP)”, and “the V-features are those that are checked off against a V that adjoins to a functional head”.
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) ...and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek.Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.
Contemporary Indonesian and Malay share the same origin and therefore show remarkable similarities. However, as society and culture have great impacts on language, differences between these two ...languages could not be neglected. This paper studies the lexical differences of these two languages from three angles: words appearing only in one language., interlingual homographs and words frequently used in one language but not in the other., by analyzing large-scale Indonesian and Malay news texts. Using the techniques in natural language processing and statistics., we effectively extracts the wanted words and reveal that obvious differences exist between the vocabulary of these two languages. Our work somehow fill the gap in the contrastive study of Indonesian and Malay., as well as facilitate research on the influences of society and culture on language.
This paper describes the relationship existing between Moroccan dialect (MD) and Arabic language through a comparative study to prove that those languages have a lot in common at the lexical level. ...For this purpose, we used `MDED' an MD electronic lexicon containing 15000 entries that we have built in a previous work versus Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Among MDED origins (MSA, French, Spanish, Tamazight and unknown), we focused on the unknown origin in order to perform a survey comparing MDED's content with data collected from some Arabic lexicons. The survey consists of a semiautomatic evaluation showing that about 39% of words having unknown origin existing in the MDED lexicon have been derived from MSA, so that almost 86% of MD lexical content is inspired from Arabic.
The research of bilingual hodonyms (names of streets) brings interesting findings not only from historical but also from linguistic point of view. The comparison between Czech and German hodonyms, ...which in Prague were used simultaneously for several centuries, shows that Czech names were conveyed into two ways: on the basis of sound assimilation and translation. The linguistic analysis of the above mentioned hodonyms reveals orthographic, word-forming and lexical peculiarities and differences.
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