The purpose of this study is to return to Freud's original descriptions of the primary and secondary processes in the light of modern neurosciences. In his Project for a Scientific Psychology, Freud ...draws the axes of the architecture of a mental apparatus: on a horizontal plane, the primary process transfers the excitation by impinging stimuli over a sequence of analogous states towards their discharge; thus, the primary process is essentially characterized by its associative tendency. On a vertical plane, the secondary process opposes the primary bottom-up pressure by a top-down inhibition with its origins in the purposive idea: the secondary process is essentially characterized by its inhibitory interventions. Freud later proposed that the primary and secondary process are seeking for perceptual, respectively thought identity. These different elements are coherent with the dynamics of the ventral and dorsal brain pathways respectively. Moreover, the dorsal pathway has an inhibitory influence upon the ventral pathway, much like the secondary has upon the primary. This influence is exerted thanks to what Freud called the "indications of reality." We propose to equate these indications with the efference copies in modern neurosciences since they proceed from the same physiology and have the same function, besides originating from the same Helmholtzian source. Finally, even if both primary and secondary processes serve the death drive through the pleasure and the reality principle respectively, only the secondary process, requiring the bearing of an accumulation of excitations, also serves the life drive.
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In order to explore the impact of reflow soldering process on power device packaging, a 3D package model based on insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module was established using DesignModeler, ...and then ANSYS software was used to perform thermal-structural coupling analysis on the IGBT module, stress distribution and warpage distribution of the IGBT module were obtained by combining the unit life and death method with the solder Anand model, and finally the warpage and stress distribution of different component thicknesses were compared using the orthogonal analysis method. The results show that the warpage of the IGBT module decreases with the increase of the thickness of the substrate, increases with the increase of the thickness of the DBC copper layer, and first increases and then decreases with the increase of the thickness of the Nano silver solder layer. The thickness of the solder layer has the greatest influence on the warpage of the module, and the thickness of the Nano silver solder layer has
Sister Death Marovich, Beatrice
2023, 2023-02-07
eBook
Drawing on a wide range of sources--from Toni Morrison to Derrida to grassroots "death positive" movements--Beatrice Marovich critiques a political theology that pits life and death against each ...other in a state of endless war. Adapting the figure of "Sister Death" from Saint Francis, she calls for recognizing that life and death are family.
This paper proposes, through two specific theses, an alternative and midpoint reading between the two interpretative guidelines that Hegelforschung presents on appetite and recognition in the ...Phenomenology of Spirit (Ch. IV). Our first thesis, in conformity with the first and against the second, is that recognition, in its concept and movement, is not the humanized spiritualization of appetite, but its cancellation. Our second thesis, in conformity with the second and in opposition to the first, is that the experience of the pure concept of recognizing involves some spiritualizations of appetite. On the one hand, we maintain that the life-and-death struggle presents in a way some parallel with the action of appetite, but because of its object and modality the struggle does not constitute an intersubjective mediation of appetite. On the other hand, we affirm that in the moment of domination and servitude two specific mediations of appetite are consummated: enjoyment and work.
Este trabajo propone, a través de dos tesis específicas, una lectura alternativa y de punto medio entre los dos lineamientos interpretativos que la Hegelforschung presenta sobre la apetencia y el reconocimiento en la Fenomenología del espíritu (Cap. IV). Nuestra primera tesis, en conformidad con el primero y en contra del segundo, es que el reconocimiento, en su concepto y movimiento, no es la espiritualización humanizada de la apetencia, sino su cancelación. Nuestra segunda tesis, en consonancia con el segundo y en oposición al primero, es que la experiencia del concepto puro del reconocer involucra algunas espiritualizaciones de la apetencia. Por un lado, sostenemos que la lucha a vida o muerte presenta cierto paralelo con la acción apetente, pero por su objeto y modalidad no llega a constituir una mediación intersubjetiva de aquella. Por otro lado, afirmamos que en la dominación y la servidumbre se consuman dos mediaciones específicas de la apetencia: el goce y el trabajo.
In his verbal still-lifes, Ted Hughes reverses the traditional dynamics of scopophilia by putting the human eye under the dying beast’s petrifying gaze. So doing, the poem entwines human and animal ...into an interval creature entangling human language and animal body, thriving between life and death, in a dimension akin to the bardo—in Tibetan, the “interval between two states” where the shaman is violently put to death by an animal demon to be resurrected as a new lifeform. Hence Hughes’s still-lifes are not only from the interval, but also for the interval period we are going through—the pivotal era known as the Anthropocene, and whose denouement could be self-destructive for our civilization—: they propose profound transformations in our relationship to nature before we reach the point of no return. This paper will illustrate the triple process (reversed scopophilia, human-animal entanglement, dying as a regenerating experience) through three of Ted Hughes’s most violent animal still-lifes: “Pike,” “The Jaguar” and “Second Glance at a Jaguar.”
Cancer patients who have reached the terminal stage despite attempts at treatment are likely to experience various problems, particularly as they encounter increasing difficulty in doing what they ...were able to do easily, and their physical symptoms increase as the disease advances. The purpose of this study is to explore how terminal cancer patients who have not clearly expressed a depressed mood or intense grief manage their feelings associated with anxiety and depression.
Eleven terminally ill patients with cancer who were receiving symptom-relieving treatment at home or in palliative care units were interviewed. Interviews were generally conducted weekly, two to five times for each participant. In total, 33 interviews were conducted, and the overall interview time was 2027 min. Data were analyzed via qualitative methods.
The following five themes were extracted regarding the experience of managing feelings associated with anxiety and depression when facing death: "I have to accept that I have developed cancer," "I have to accept the undeniable approach of my own death," "I have to accept my need for assistance," "I have to accept this unsatisfactory circumstance" and "I have to accept this as my destiny and an outcome of my life."
The present study revealed key themes related to how patients come to terms with their impending death. Nurses are required to comprehend the patients' complicated mental patterns that are expressed in their daily languages. Furthermore, the findings clarify the necessity for nurses to help patients understand the acceptance of a terminal disease state during a patient's final days.
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Abstract
Background
Although mental health disorders of health care workers in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been focused, little is known about the psychological impact on ...nurses and the influence on their behavior and awareness, such as professionalism and views on life and death, in Japan where there are fewer cases of infection and deaths than in other countries. Moreover, the influence of the pandemic on nursing students is still unclear.
Methods
An online questionnaire survey was conducted among nurses and nursing students. Feelings during the state of emergency (at the peak of the pandemic) in Japan, changes in behavior and awareness after the rise of COVID-19, and the associated factors influencing these changes were analyzed, comparing nurses with nursing students.
Results
Significantly increased scores of anxiety/fear (
p
< .005) and voluntary restraint (
p
< .005) and significantly decreased score of motivation (
p
< .005) were observed during the state of emergency in both nurses and students. Scores of experience of discrimination (
p
< .005) and consideration of premature retirement (
p
< .01) were significantly increased in nurses. Moreover, preventive behavior (
p
< .005), lifestyle (
p
< .005), anxiety about nursing (
p
< .005) and views on life and death (
p
< .005) significantly changed after the rise of COVID-19 in both nurses and students. Only nurses reported significant damage to their professionalism (
p
< .01). Anxiety/fear and/or voluntary restraint and/or decreased motivation during the state of emergency were major factors associated with these changes. Also, the type of hospital, experience of care of infected patients and sex affected some of the changes. Voluntary restraint (
p
= .008), increased preventive behavior (
p
= .021) and decreased motivation (
p
= .005) were more marked in nurses than in students, while change in views on life and death was greater in students than in nurses (
p
= .002).
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a psychological impact on nurses and nursing students, associated with changes in behavior and awareness even in Japan. Of note, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected nurses’ professionalism and views on life and death. This study demonstrates the importance of having a coping strategy for anxiety and damaged professionalism in nurses, and education on life and death in nursing students.
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This study aims to elucidate the life and death experiences of patients with terminal cancer. The researchers interviewed 18 terminal cancer patients, for a total 3,118 min. A psychophenomenological ...approach was used for analysis. Three themes were derived: a new appreciation for the gleam of an ordinary life after experiencing extreme suffering, a desire to at least pass away peacefully when sensing impending death, and a desire to remain useful to loved ones and other suffering patients like them. The novelty of this research derives from its finding that life and death are not in conflict and can lead to hope.
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Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles responsible for life and death. Extensive evidence from animal models, postmortem brain studies of and clinical studies of aging and neurodegenerative diseases ...suggests that mitochondrial function is defective in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Several lines of research suggest that mitochondrial abnormalities, including defects in oxidative phosphorylation, increased accumulation of mitochondrial DNA defects, impaired calcium influx, accumulation of mutant proteins in mitochondria, and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation are important cellular changes in both early and late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Further, emerging evidence suggests that structural changes in mitochondria, including increased mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial fusion, are critical factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper discusses research that elucidates features of mitochondria that are associated with cellular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases and discusses mitochondrial structural and functional changes, and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases. It also outlines mitochondria-targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases.
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