This study investigates Lithuanian refusals to comply with requests. Refusals are face-threatening speech acts. They can endanger social relationships, and therefore require mitigation by employing ...politeness means. The aim of the study is to find out strategies, sub-strategies, internal and external modifications of Lithuanian refusals. The research data was collected from students using an open-ended discourse completion test and consists of 1046 refusals. Summarizing the results, it can be stated that Lithuanians opt for indirect refusals. When refusing directly, the least straightforward strategy – stating the inability to comply with a request – is used, especially by women. Refusals (especially the direct ones) are often mitigated with external modifications that were again more frequent in women’s responses. Socioculturally, the most acceptable and thus polite way to refuse in Lithuanian is to apologize and provide reasons. Overall, there is a clear tendency to express positive politeness when refusing.
The objectives of this research are to explore and to reveals the form and the characteristics of linguistic politeness, politeness strategies, and the realization of local wisdom found among Soppeng ...people (to Soppeng) one particular Buginese ethnics. This research applied ethnolinguistics viewed from pragmatics, semiotics, and politeness theories. To capture the data, this study used purposive sampling and snowball among native in Soppeng regency which agrees to be a part of this study. The method used is the method of listening with free engaged, recording, documentation, elicitation technique, and interview. The results of this research show the characteristics and the forms of linguistic politeness through some morphemes marked (such as prefixes ta), suffix pronouns (ta, ki, ni), some honorific vocabularies (such as pung, andi, daeng), some lexemes (iye, tabe, taddampengenga), some maxims of politeness principles; generosity, approbation, modesty, and sympathy, and four strategies of linguistic politeness i.e., bald on record, positive, negative, off-record strategy. In addition, this study also found the realization and the implication of local wisdom as a primary value such as ethics and language politeness, self-image, courage, solidarity, and cooperation.
The analyzed material consists of closing politeness formulas of 560 emails written by teachers to a collective group of parents whose children attend the same class or school. The collective ...recipient, written form and the formal style of relationships between the involved parties allow to define the situation in question as formal. Nevertheless, the closing politeness formulas are not consistent with the traditional category of formality. Teachers, most frequently, end their emails with a greeting (53%) and the use of formulas characteristic of a traditional formal letter is less common (15%). In many cases, closing politeness formulas are omitted (19%). The sense of distance is clearly diminished, and the choice of very informal closing formulas, such as Buziaki (‘Kisses’) or Przyjemnej nocy (‘Have a good night’) used by some of the senders set too-familiar a tone for the relationship.
Este trabajo aborda el estudio de la combinación de partículas εἰ μὴ … γε que hemos calificado como “εἰ μὴ … γε replicativo”. Esta combinación de partículas y con este valor concreto de réplica se ...localiza en los diálogos de obras de Eurípides y Aristófanes preferentemente, pero también en los diálogos de Platón y, más adelante, en algunos escritos de Jenofonte, hasta llegar a Luciano y Libanio, de forma ya mucho más esporádica y sin la frescura y espontaneidad del drama ático. En términos de análisis conversacional (AC), se considera que es un SPP (primera parte del par adyacente) que se ofrece como reacción despreferida ante un PPP (segunda parte del par adyacente) en un par dialógico adyacente, en términos de fuerte y enérgica protesta y rectificación de lo que se acaba de decir, con sus oportunas consecuencias en términos de (des)cortesía lingüística. Por su independencia sintáctica, se incluye también en el ámbito de la insubordinación, es decir, el uso convencionalizado como oración principal de lo que, a primera vista, parecen ser oraciones formalmente subordinadas. Por último, se señala su carácter probablemente exclamativo.
This study investigates Lithuanian refusals to comply with requests. Refusals are face-threatening speech acts. They can endanger social relationships, and therefore require mitigation by employing ...politeness means. The aim of the study is to find out strategies, sub-strategies, internal and external modifications of Lithuanian refusals. The research data was collected from students using an open-ended discourse completion test and consists of 1046 refusals. Summarizing the results, it can be stated that Lithuanians opt for indirect refusals. When refusing directly, the least straightforward strategy – stating the inability to comply with a request – is used, especially by women. Refusals (especially the direct ones) are often mitigated with external modifications that were again more frequent in women’s responses. Socioculturally, the most acceptable and thus polite way to refuse in Lithuanian is to apologize and provide reasons. Overall, there is a clear tendency to express positive politeness when refusing.
Politeness has many faces and definitions. When people respect and use the politeness formulas which were adopted in their culture then this could be interpreted as a guarantee of a certain social ...order and hierarchy. To cease following the valid standards could possibly result in emotional reactions especially when it comes to environments where the power order matters more than elsewhere, which would include the academic communities in Poland. The main aim of the article is to answer the question whether the analysis of politeness manifestations in the university e-mail correspondence could perchance trigger emotions by the group of students, who were investigating the problem.
With a more globalized society, the use of politeness language, especially among youths, has been considered in jeopardy. However, the understanding of whether or not the youths are still ...acknowledging and exercising politeness in their language use is still tiny. This matter is due to a lack of study investigating the politeness language among youths. This study aims to find the politeness formula and speech patterns for three different situational contexts: asking for help, asking for information, and rebuking in the Bugis language. This study uses a mixed quantitative-qualitative method and random sampling to gather 20 youths aged 11 to 21 as participants. The instrument used for the experiment is the Discourse Completion Test to collect the utterances. Data utterances were coded and then analyzed using a concordance and cluster-N-Gram features in the AntConc 3.5.8 application to find the sentence pattern variations with the Bugis word tabék. Interpretation of the data uses the theories of Brown & Levinson (1987), Leech (2014), Watts (2003), and Darwis (1995). The analysis revealed (1) the tabék politeness formula as a polite sign at the beginning of their speech in all situational contexts and to clarify their intentions. (2) There are several sentence patterns used by the Bugis youths for each situational context; six patterns in asking for help, five patterns in asking for information, and eight patterns in rebuking. This finding shows that Bugis youths still understand the philosophy of politeness in their socio-cultural interactions, namely sipakatau (mutual humanizing), sipakaraja (mutual respect), and sipakalebbi (mutual glorification) through various politeness strategies.
What are the underlying mechanisms driving linguistic politeness? While opposing theoretical positions have argued for either strategic or socio-normative motivations for politeness, we propose to ...approach these as complementary components in an adaptive communicative process, in which individual strategic choices and collective requirements for social cohesion modulate each other. To substantiate these claims, we designed a laboratory experiment where pairs of human participants request objects from an ‘alien intelligence’ in an artificial laboratory language and compete for resources with simulated alien agents. Our findings suggest that both the functionality of politeness markers (i.e. the extent to which markers were associated with the probability of reward) and the relationships between agents (i.e. competitiveness between players) were predictive of participants' propensity to adapt to politeness markers in their linguistic environment and use them to win the game. While functionality was the stronger predictor of the two, the usage of politeness markers was found to increase in perfectly non-functional contexts, as long as participants were competing against each other. In addition, the experimental manipulations were found to affect participants' intuitions about the meaning of the alien politeness markers. We posit that this conceptual and experimental framework can inform fundamental discussions in politeness research.
•We experimentally modelled collective and individual factors in politeness behavior.•We suggest that strategy and discernment aren't mutually exclusive explanations for politeness.•Individuals locally adapt to politeness usage in interaction.•The social and functional uses of politeness modulate each other.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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