The proliferation of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by these batteries reaching the ...end of their lifespan. With retired EVs becoming more prevalent, recycling and reusing their components, particularly graphite, has become imperative as the world transitions toward electric mobility. Graphite constitutes ≈20% of LIBs by weight, making it a valuable resource to be conserved. This review presents an in‐depth analysis of the current global graphite mining landscape and explores potential opportunities for the “second life” of graphitefrom depleted LIBs. Various recycling and reactivation technologies in both industry and academia are discussed, along with potential applications for recycled graphite forming a vital aspect of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, this review addresses the future challenges faced by the recycling industry in dealing with expired LIBs, encompassing environmental, economic, legal, and regulatory considerations. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in recycling and reusing graphite from retired LIBs, offering valuable insights for forthcoming large‐scale recycling efforts.
Expired lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) contain valuable battery‐grade graphite materials. However, graphite is largely overlooked due to its lower profitability compared to cathode materials. This review discusses the future challenges facing the recycling industry in handling waste graphite and provides a comprehensive overview of the development of graphite recycling and reuse from spent LIBs, offering valuable insights for upcoming large‐scale recycling efforts.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Cathode material degradation during cycling is one of the key obstacles to upgrading lithium‐ion and beyond‐lithium‐ion batteries for high‐energy and varied‐temperature applications. Herein, we ...highlight recent progress in material surface‐coating as the foremost solution to resist the surface phase‐transitions and cracking in cathode particles in mono‐valent (Li, Na, K) and multi‐valent (Mg, Ca, Al) ion batteries under high‐voltage and varied‐temperature conditions. Importantly, we shed light on the future of materials surface‐coating technology with possible research directions. In this regard, we provide our viewpoint on a novel hybrid surface‐coating strategy, which has been successfully evaluated in LiCoO2‐based‐Li‐ion cells under adverse conditions with industrial specifications for customer‐demanding applications. The proposed coating strategy includes a first surface‐coating of the as‐prepared cathode powders (by sol–gel) and then an ultra‐thin ceramic‐oxide coating on their electrodes (by atomic‐layer deposition). What makes it appealing for industry applications is that such a coating strategy can effectively maintain the integrity of materials under electro‐mechanical stress, at the cathode particle and electrode‐ levels. Furthermore, it leads to improved energy‐density and voltage retention at 4.55 V and 45 °C with highly loaded electrodes (≈24 mg.cm−2). Finally, the development of this coating technology for beyond‐lithium‐ion batteries could be a major research challenge, but one that is viable.
Recent advances and opinions in surface engineering of lithium‐ion battery cathode materials and their compatibility with “next‐generation” mono‐valent and multi‐valent ion battery systems are discussed. Insights for the future in the field are proposed with novel surface‐coating strategy and preliminary experimental work to achieve high‐energy rechargeable batteries at high voltage, high current, and elevated temperature conditions.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Currently, the commercial separator (Celgard2500) of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) suffers from poor electrolyte affinity, mechanical property and thermal stability, which seriously affect the ...electrochemical performances and safety of LIBs. Here, the composite separators named PVDF‐HFP/TiN for high‐safety LIBs are synthesized. The integration of PVDF‐HFP and TiN forms porous structure with a uniform and rich organic framework. TiN significantly improves the adsorption between PVDF‐HFP and electrolyte, causing a higher electrolyte absorption rate (192%). Meanwhile, XPS results further demonstrate the tight link between PVDF‐HFP and TiN due to the existence of TiF bond in PVDF‐HFP/TiN, resulting in a strong impediment for the puncture of lithium dendrites as a result of the improved mechanical strengths. And PVDF‐HFP/TiN can effectively suppress the growth of lithium dendrites by means of uniform lithium flux. In addition, the excellent heat resistance of TiN improves the thermal stability of PVDF‐HFP/TiN. As a result, the LiFePO4||Li cells assembled PVDF‐HFP/TiN‐12 exhibit excellent specific capacity, rate performance, and capacity retention rate. Even the high specific capacity of 153 mAh g−1 can be obtained at the high temperature of 80 °C. Meaningfully, a reliable modification strategy for the preparation of separators with high safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs is provided.
The TiF bond inside the PVDF‐HFP/TiN‐12 separator greatly improves its mechanical properties and can prevent the puncture of lithium dendrites. At the same time, TiN improves the thermal stability of PVDF‐HFP/TiN‐12 separator, and the battery assembled with it shows good high temperature stability. Therefore, the PVDF‐HFP/TiN‐12 separator possesses good safety performance.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), featuring structural diversity, framework tunability and functional versatility, have emerged as promising organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries ...and garnered tremendous attention in recent years. The adjustable pore configuration, coupled with the functionalization of frameworks through pre‐ and post‐synthesis strategies, enables a precise customization of COFs, which provides a novel perspective to deepen the understanding of the fundamental problems of organic electrode materials. In this review, a summary of the recent research into COFs electrode materials for rechargeable batteries including lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, and aqueous zinc batteries is provided. In addition, this review will also cover the working principles, advantages and challenges, strategies to improve electrochemical performance, and applications of COFs in rechargeable batteries.
Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) have been demonstrated to be promising electrode materials in rechargeable batteries due to their structural versatility and functional tunability. Aiming to attract more research interest in this field, the working mechanisms, strategies for enhancing the electrochemical performance, and challenges of COFs electrode materials for rechargeable batteries (lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, and aqueous zinc batteries) are presented.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are in great demand for their impressive successes in serving people's daily life. Concomitantly, recycling the retired LIBs has also aroused the enthusiasm of widespread ...studies due to its great significance in the sustainable development of LIBs. Among the spent LIBs, LiFePO4 (LFP) is the main force because of its widespread use in electric vehicles and grids due to its stability and favorable price. However, considering the low cost of LFP manufacture as well as the abundance of Fe and P, traditional metallurgy processes are not economically feasible for recycling LFP because of high energy consumption and tedious steps. Here, this work proposes a green recycling method to directly regenerate the degraded LFP electrode via an in situ electrochemical process with a functionalized prelithiation separator. Compared with the existing recycling strategies for LFP batteries, the proposed method takes full advantage of the degraded cathode scraps without destroying the original structure, greatly reducing the cost of the remanufacture of the cathode electrodes simply via a prelithiation technique.
Degraded LiFePO4 (D‐LFP) electrodes are directly reassembled into a new battery with a functionalized prelithiation separator and fresh graphite anode. Extra Li+ ions provided by the sacrificial lithium‐containing layer compensate the Li+ loss in the D‐LFP during the initial electrochemical process and thus the capacity of the regenerated battery is largely restored.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium-ion battery manufacturing is a highly complicated process with strongly coupled feature interdependencies; a feasible solution that can analyze feature variables within manufacturing chain ...and achieve reliable classification is, thus, urgently needed. This article proposes a random forest (RF)-based classification framework, through using the out of bag predictions, Gini changes, as well as predictive measure of association (PMOA), for effectively quantifying the importance and correlations of battery manufacturing features and their effects on the classification of electrode properties. Battery manufacturing data containing three intermediate product features from the mixing stage and one product parameter from the coating stage are analyzed by the designed RF framework to investigate their effects on both the battery electrode active material mass load and porosity. Illustrative results demonstrate that the proposed RF framework not only achieves the reliable classification of electrode properties, but also leads to the effective quantification of both manufacturing feature importance (FI) and correlations. This is the first time to design a systematic RF framework for simultaneously quantifying battery production FI and correlations by three various quantitative indicators, including the unbiased FI, gain improvement FI, and PMOA, paving a promising solution to reduce model dimension and conduct efficient sensitivity analysis of battery manufacturing.
Since their market introduction in 1991, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have developed evolutionary in terms of their specific energies (Wh/kg) and energy densities (Wh/L). Currently, they do not only ...dominate the small format battery market for portable electronic devices, but have also been successfully implemented as the technology of choice for electromobility as well as for stationary energy storage. Besides LIBs, a variety of different technologically promising battery concepts exists that, depending on the respective technology, might also be suitable for various application purposes. These systems of the “next generation,” the so-called post-lithium ion batteries (PLIBs), such as metal/sulfur, metal/air or metal/oxygen, or “post-lithium technologies” (systems without Li), which are based on alternative single (Na
+
, K
+
) or multivalent ions (Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
), are currently being studied intensively. From today’s point of view, it seems quite clear that there will not only be a single technology for all applications (technology monopoly), but different battery systems, which can be especially suitable or combined for a particular application (technology diversity). In this review, we place the lithium ion technology in a historical context and give insights into the battery technology diversity that evolved during the past decades and which will, in turn, influence future research and development.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for lithium‐ion batteries is a powerful confirmation of the importance of portable energy storage devices, which will further promote collaborative innovation in the ...field of new energy storage. Non‐lithium rechargeable energy storage technologies are attracting attention due to their low cost and high energy densities. However, electrochemical performance depends upon the inherent properties of the electrodes. In recent decades, 2D materials have been extensively investigated owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. One of the typical representatives is the MXenes with good electrochemical properties, which have become popular material in the field of energy storage in recent years. The discovery of MXene with metal solution, expanded interlayer‐spacing and tamperable surface termination offers a valuable strategy to discover MXenes with new structures. These flexible properties of MXene allow the tuning of properties for energy storage technologies. Here, the synthesis, structure, properties and applications of MXenes in non‐lithium energy storage technologies are reviewed, and a comprehensive outlook and personal perspective on the future development of MXene in the energy storage system are also presented.
This article summarizes the importance of MXene in the field of non‐lithium energy storage technologies. The preparation methods and structural properties of MXene are briefly presented, and the application of MXene based electrode materials in various non‐lithium energy storage systems is emphasized.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A flexible composite solid electrolyte membrane consisting of inorganic solid particles (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and boronized polyethylene glycol (BPEG) is prepared and ...investigated. This membrane exhibits good stability against lithium dendrite, which can be attributed to its well‐designed combination components: the compact inorganic lithium ion conducting layer provides the membrane with good mechanical strength and physically barricades the free growth of lithium dendrite; while the addition of planar BPEG oligomers not only disorganizes the crystallinity of the PEO domain, leading to good ionic conductivity, but also facilitates a “soft contact” between interfaces, which not only chemically enables homogeneous lithium plating/stripping on the lithium metal anode, but also reduces the polarization effects. In addition, by employing this membrane to a LiFePO4/Li cell and testing its galvanostatic cycling performances at 60 °C, capacities of 158.2 and 94.2 mA h g−1 are delivered at 0.1 C and 2 C, respectively.
A flexible composite solid electrolyte membrane consisting of polymer and Li‐ion conductive ceramic is prepared and investigated. The addition of boronized polyethylene glycol oligomer improves its ionic conductivity, and facilitates a better contact between the lithium metal and the electrolyte, resulting in a smooth lithium interface after cycling.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A novel integrated power unit realizes both energy harvesting and energy storage by a textile triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐cloth and a flexible lithium‐ion battery (LIB) belt, respectively. The ...mechanical energy of daily human motion is converted into electricity by the TENG‐cloth, sustaining the energy of the LIB belt to power wearable smart electronics.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
