For millennia, fungi have been known by various communities as a valuable source of nutrition and medicines, however traditional view on mycobiota has changed throughout the history. A major role in ...this context played past scholars and scientists whose impact on attitude towards mushroom collection is also seen in our times. Their confrontation with traditional folk knowledge on mycobiota could be the cause of current division between mycophobic and mycophillic nations. The aim of this article is to present these changes from the perspective of Polish nation, which is currently considered as highly mycophillic. The visible change in scholars’ attitude towards fungi and acceptance of folk view on mushrooms took place not earlier than at the turn of XVIIIth and XIXth century. Long scientific reluctance to fungal kingdom has caused that knowledge about wild edible fungi is still limited and we still have broadly explore the world of fungi. With the right approach, mushrooms are able to provide us with many, possibly yet unknown benefits.
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•Stir-fried mushrooms showed greater contamination with 137Cs than fresh.•Stir-fried mushrooms on a whole weight were enriched in 137Cs.•Stir-fried mushrooms on a whole weight were ...also enriched in K and 40K.•A single 100 g meal provide K at 9.8–22 mg kg of body mass.
A number of wild, edible mushroom species (Baorangia bicolor, Boletus calopus, Boletus obsclereumbrinus, Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Rubroboletus sinicus, Rugiboletus extremiorientalis and Xerocomus sp.) were collected in 2017, from Yunnan (Yuxi prefecture) in SW China. Samples of raw and stir-fried pools of these specimens were analysed for radioisotopes 137Cs (caesium) and 40K (potassium), and for total K concentrations. On a whole (wet) weight (ww) basis, 137Cs activity ranged from < 0.10 to 0.75 Bq kg−1 for raw, and from 0.5 to 4.4 Bq kg-1 in stir-fried mushrooms. Radiopotassium (40K) activity ranged from 57 to 96 Bq kg−1 ww for raw, and 170 to 370 Bq kg−1 ww for stir-fried mushrooms, while the corresponding concentration ranges for total K were 2100–3400 mg kg−1 ww (mean: 2800 ± 3900 mg kg−1 ww), and 6000–13000 mg kg−1 ww-(mean: 8700 ± 2100 mg kg−1 ww), respectively. This data indicates that mushrooms from this region show negligible 137Cs contamination with evidently higher activity levels of 40K. The deep oil stir-frying process results in enrichment in the resulting meals for all three determinants. 100 g meal portions showed 137Cs activity in the range < 0.08 to 0.44 Bq 100 g−1 ww (mean 0.15 ± 0.12 Bq 100 g−1 ww), and 40K activity from 16 to 37 Bq 100 g−1 ww (mean 24 ± 6 Bq 100 g−1 ww). The consequent exposure from 40K contained in a single 100 g serving and weekly (100 g x7) servings was equivalent to radiation doses in the range of 0.099 to 0.23 μSv and 0.68–1.6 μSv per capita (means 0.15 ± 0.04 and 1.1 ± 0.3 μSv). This is equivalent to doses in the range of 0.0017 to 0.0038 μSv kg-1 bm day-1 and 0.011 to 0.027 μSv kg-1 bm week-1 respectively (mean values of 0.0025 ± 0.006 μSv kg-1 bm day-1and 0.018 ± 0.004 μSv kg-1 bm week-1). Analogically to the annual 137Cs radiation exposure resulting from high rates of annual consumption (20–24 kg per capita), the estimated annual dose of radiation from 40K would range from 0.34 up to 0.92 μSv kg-1 bm (mean 0.60 μSv kg-1 bm). Thus in practice, high annual consumption rates of wild, stir-fried mushrooms as seen in Yunnan, would result in negligible internal doses from decay of artificial 137Cs, relative to that from natural 40K. The 100 g servings also contained between 590–1300 mg K making this local food one of the top dietary sources of nutritionally important potassium for local consumers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background: Macromycetes play relevant roles in ecosystem functioning as pathogens, mutualists, and organic matter decomposers. Their diversity and distribution are strongly related to environmental ...conditions and vegetation types, however, there is a lack of ecological studies assessing which biotic and abiotic factors affect macrofungal communities.
Questions: Which vegetation type harbors the highest macromycete diversity? Do macromycete diversity and species composition change among forest types? Which are the main environmental factors related to diversity and distribution patterns along the study area?
Data description: Macromycete species richness and abundance, and environmental variables recorded in temperate forests.
Study site and dates: Ayoquezco de Aldama, Oaxaca. June-November 2019.
Methods: Macromycetes were collected twice a month in oak, oak-pine, pine-oak and pine forests, and environmental variables were recorded at each site. Species diversity and composition turnover were calculated using diversity and similarity indexes. The relation between diversity and species composition with environmental variables was determined with statistical analyses.
Results: A total of 186 species were collected. Oak-dominated forests showed the highest similarity in macromycete diversity and species composition. The observed patterns of diversity and distribution were related mainly to air and soil humidity and temperature, topographic factors, and vegetation structure.
Conclusions: Macromycete diversity and species composition can conspicuously change in short distances owing to the heterogeneity of habitats and resources provided by woody plants, and the topographic characteristic of the landscape. Vegetation type affects both macromycete diversity and distribution due to its influence on local temperature and humidity.
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Modern complex therapy of patients with persistent (year-round, chronic) allergic rhinitis (AR), based on the use of antihistamines and intranasal glucocorticosteroids, in many cases is not effective ...enough, since drug therapy acts only on individual links in the pathogenesis, without preventing the progression of the allergic disease. At the same time, the quantitative and reserve capabilities of neutrophil granulocytes are depleted, which increases the level of antigenic load in patients with AR. The aim of this study is to investigate the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in patients with AR who received basic therapy and patients who received basic therapy and a course of the drug from the macromycetes Ganoderma lucidum "Astmagan". We examined 40 patients of both sexes with AR, the duration of the disease ranged from 6 months to 2 years. Patients were divided into 2 equal groups: The 1st group consisted of patients who received basic therapy (oral Loratadine and intranasal Nasonex). The 2nd group consisted of patients who received basic therapy and a course of "Astmagan". The treatment course lasted 90 days. The control group consisted of 25 healthy individuals. After the treatment, patients in both groups showed a statistically significant positive dynamics of phagocytic system activity: in group 1, the phagocytic index (FI) increased by 30 % (p=0.001), in the second group this indicator reached the normal level. Also, in patients of group 1, the phagocytic number (PN) increased by 35 % (p=0.0001), but did not reach the normal level. According to the results of comparative evaluation, a greater efficacy of the treatment complex with the additional use of "Astmagan" was established, which is manifested in the restoration of phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils, the effect persists for 6 months after treatment.
Background: In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) has been increasing all over the world including Ukraine. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) is one of the most common clinical ...forms of AR. An imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is known to have a key role in allergic inflammation.
Purpose: To compare cytokine and immunoglobulin levels among patients with AR and ARC treated with different therapeutic options.
Material and Methods: Forty patients with AR and ARC (age range, 20 to 46 years) were included in the study. Disease duration ranged from 6 months to 2 years. Patients were divided into two subgroups of 20 patients each. Patients of subgroup 1 received the basic therapy (a 10-mg loratadin tablet daily and mometasone furoate nasal spray at a dosage of 200 μg once daily), whereas patients of subgroup 2, the basic therapy plus polypore macromycetes (Astmagan), one capsule twice daily. Treatment course duration was 90 days. The control group was composed of 25 healthy individuals. A comprehensive clinical immunological examination was conducted at baseline and on the completion of the treatment course. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to determine serum levels of immunoglobulins A (IgA), IgM, IgG, and IgE, and cytokines (gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL4).
Results: At baseline, serum levels of IgA, IgM and IgE were almost twice as high (р = 0.0008; 0.0005; and 0.0001, respectively); IgG, 1.2 times higher (р = 0.001); pro-inflammatory cytokine IL4, 3.5 times higher (р = 0.0001); and anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, 2.4 times lower (р = 0.0001) in patients with AR and ARC compared to controls, and these differences were significant. Astmagan, when used as an adjunct to the basic treatment of AR and ARC, contributed to 8%, 17%, 16.2%, 7.3% and 6.0% greater decreases in the serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG and IL4, respectively, and a 16.6% greater increase in the serum level of IFN-γ compared to the basic treatment only, and these differences were significant, with an improvement in immune response to therapy.
Cytokinins are phytohormones that participate in regulation of all aspects of plant growth and development, including response to biotic agents. Fungi of different taxonomic and trophic groups ...synthesize cytokinins, employing them for interaction with plants, both friendly and hostile. They also appear to be able to manipulate the host plant genes of cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism to their own benefit. In this review, we analyzed the data about changes in the level and composition of cytokinin pool under fungi influence, the effect of exogenous hormones on the growth of fungi in culture and in situ, changes in the physiology and metabolism of fungi due to genetic transformations related to cytokinins. The possible role of cytokinins in the regulation of macromycete development is discussed as well. The pattern of cytokinin dynamics allow us to consider the hormones of this class as potential regulators of fungi growth. Further explore of fungal cytokinins is essential to improve biotechnology using fungi as raw materials for medicine and agricultural production.
•Infected by pathogenic fungi or colonized by friendly fungi plants' tissues contain elevated levels of cytokinins..•Fungi are able to synthesize cytokinins themselves and to modulate the host plants' hormone biosynthesis.•Cytokinins play a significant role in plant immunity and defence against the pathogenic fungi.•Cytokinin signals are an important for mutual interconnections between plant and fungus.•Cytokinins are considered as potential regulators of macromycete growth.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Edible macrofungi are being increasingly cultivated as they are seen as a sustainable and popular food around the world. This trend is paralleled by the similar increase in the use of rare earth ...elements (REE) in consumer goods, which has raised the possibility of contamination in mushrooms. There is a growing recognition of REE as emerging environmental contaminants because of their occurrence in foodstuffs. Reports investigating REE occurrence in edible fungi have emerged over the last few years with some very recent data suggesting concentrations as high as ≤ 37,000 μg kg−1 dw. Critical assessment of some studies has shown that some of REE concentration data reported in cultivated mushroom may be compromised by deficiencies in the analytical methodologies. These reports are characterised by unusual occurrence patterns that do not follow the fundamental rules of elemental occurrence (The Oddo-Harkins order). The available data has been critically assessed for reported concentrations as well as occurrence patterns, taking into account the methods used for REE determination. The results indicate that a significant proportion of the data are likely to be unsuitable for the purposes of risk assessment of human exposure to REE or to evaluate any increasing trend of REE contamination in food. Reliable analytics are an essential tool in chemical studies in life sciences, and this approach covers both routine and atypical studies, such as experiments with REE in mycology.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study reports the presence of Tricholomopsis flammula and T. sulfureoides in Greece, providing additional data on the morphology, phylogeny, distribution, and rarity of these species.
In this paper the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts obtained from Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes versicolor were investigated. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against ...E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermis, E. raffinosus, S. cerevisiae and C. albicans were determined by the microbroth dillution method according by EUCAST in 96-well microplates. Microorganisms were obtained from Czech Collection of Microorganisms. Absorbances after and before the experiment were subtracted, converted to binary system and obtained values to Probit analysis were used. Of the two macromycetes extracts tested, not all extracts showed antimicrobial activity in tested MICs range. The highest antimicrobial activity showed the both extracts to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The less antimicrobial effects had the both macromycetes extracts to Staphylococcus epidermis. Antimicrobial activity of macromycetes methanolic crude extracts to others tested microorganisms showed no effect or used concentration could be higher.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article reports data on 24 new records of mushrooms in Azerbaijan. Fungal specimens were collected during 2014–2018 in Shaki District of Azerbaijan. These are Auriscalpium vulgare, Boletus ...aereus, B. edulis, B. variipes, Caloboletus radicans, Calocybe gambosa, Cantharellus subalbidus, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Cortinarius triumphans, Hemileccinum depilatum, Hortiboletus rubellus, Hydnellum concrescens, Inonotus obliquus, Marasmius capillaries, Phaeomarasmius erinaceus, Phallus ravenelii, Ramaria obtusissima, Rheubabariboletus armeniacus, Rubroboletus legaliae, R. lupinus, R. satanas, Russula turci, Suillus collinitus, and Tremella mesenterica. For each specimen, its locality, biotope and collection data are indicated and photographs are provided.
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