Positive autobiographical memories (AMs) have the potential to repair low mood, but previously depressed individuals have difficulty leveraging their positive AMs for emotion regulation purposes. We ...examined whether previously depressed individuals benefit from guided, deliberate recollection of preselected AMs to counteract low mood in daily life, utilizing individuals’ smartphones to facilitate recollection. Sixty participants enrolled in 2020 were randomly allocated to retrieval of positive or everyday activity AMs and completed ecological momentary assessment of emotional experience for 3 weeks. Participants first created a pool of six memories for the digital AM diary. This was followed by a training week with two recollection tasks daily and a 2-week follow-up period where the diary could be used spontaneously. The positive condition experienced a greater increase in feelings of happiness and a greater decrease in feelings of sadness from pre- to post-AM recollection. While participants in the positive condition used the AM technique more frequently overall during the 2-week follow-up, the effect of condition was moderated by changes in feelings of sadness. The more participants experienced an emotional benefit during the training week, the more they used it spontaneously. Emotional vividness of untrained positive AMs at the 2-week follow-up differed depending on whether they were assessed before or after the first pandemic lockdown. Residual depressive symptoms decreased in both conditions over the study course, while mental well-being remained unchanged. Strengthening positive, self-affirming AMs in daily life may provide a tool to support regulation of transient low mood in those remitted from depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Serotonin-Dopamine antagonists (SDA) have been evaluated as monotherapy and augmentation therapy for major depression (MDD) Despite evidence of efficacy for both, adverse events with SDA are ...considerably greater than for monotherapy. In this randomized clinical trial, low doses of pipamperone, an SDA approved in the EU, were used to treat major depression. We were in efficacy across treatments and the relative safety of pipamperone compared to previous treatments with SDA.
In this study, patients with MDD (n = 555; 535 received treatment) were randomized to low dose pipamperone plus placebo, citalopram plus placebo, or pipamperone plus citalopram in a 10-week efficacy study. Adverse events and clinician efficacy ratings with MADRS were examined.
The study was completed by 383 participants, with the most common reason for drop out being withdrawal of consent. All three arms showed treatment-related changes with no significant differences between treatments (all effect sizes from larger than d = 1.48, largest = 1.77: pipamperone plus citalopram). Drop-outs due to adverse events were 4 % with pipamperone monotherapy, compared to 3 % with citalopram alone. There were no differences in weight gain across the treatments and EPS was reported by one case and tremor was reported by two cases with combined treatment arm. Nausea was more common with citalopram monotherapy (16 % vs 9 % for pipamperone).
These data suggest that low doses of pipamperone have a substantially better safety profile than previous SDA medications used to treat MDD and that pipamperone has potential to be an efficacious treatment for MD, as monotherapy or combination therapy.
This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov: (NCT01312922).
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The authors assess levels and within-person changes in psychological well-being (i.e., depressive symptoms and life satisfaction) from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic for individuals in the ...United States, in general and by socioeconomic status (SES). The data is from 2 surveys of 1,143 adults from RAND Corporation's nationally representative American Life Panel, the first administered between April-June, 2019 and the second during the initial peak of the pandemic in the United States in April, 2020. Depressive symptoms during the pandemic were higher than population norms before the pandemic. Depressive symptoms increased from before to during COVID-19 and life satisfaction decreased. Individuals with higher education experienced a greater increase in depressive symptoms and a greater decrease in life satisfaction from before to during COVID-19 in comparison to those with lower education. Supplemental analysis illustrates that income had a curvilinear relationship with changes in well-being, such that individuals at the highest levels of income experienced a greater decrease in life satisfaction from before to during COVID-19 than individuals with lower levels of income. We draw on conservation of resources theory and the theory of fundamental social causes to examine four key mechanisms (perceived financial resources, perceived control, interpersonal resources, and COVID-19-related knowledge/news consumption) underlying the relationship between SES and well-being during COVID-19. These resources explained changes in well-being for the sample as a whole but did not provide insight into why individuals of higher education experienced a greater decline in well-being from before to during COVID-19.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
The ongoing repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unparalleled context to examine how distressing events are remembered. Prior theory and research suggest that (a) distress during ...lockdowns may fade and be remembered as less distressing, or remain salient and be remembered as more distressing, than initially experienced and (b) emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal may predict these memory biases. We test these possibilities by assessing depressive symptoms and emotion regulation during two lockdowns: at the start of the pandemic (Lockdown 2020) and 17 months later (Lockdown 2021) in a sample of parents with young children ( N = 272). We assessed tracking accuracy, directional bias, and projection bias in memory of depressive symptoms in Lockdown 2020, and the moderating role of emotion regulation at the time of encoding (Lockdown 2020) and recall (Lockdown 2021). People experiencing more depressive symptoms later in the pandemic (2021) remembered the start of the pandemic (2020) to involve more depressive symptoms than initially experienced (projection bias). People engaging in greater emotional suppression at recall (2021) were less likely to project their current depressive symptoms onto memory of the prior lockdown (lower projection bias) and remembered feeling lower depressive symptoms than initially experienced (underestimation directional bias). By contrast, people engaging in cognitive reappraisal at recall (2021) remembered feeling greater depressive symptoms than they initially experienced (overestimation directional bias). These unexpected results indicate that emotion regulation may shape memory of emotion during real-life challenges differently than patterns observed in lab-based research and may reflect helpful coping with life events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Anticipated emotions are the feelings one expects if a hypothetical future event were to occur, whereas anticipatory emotions are those one experiences right now while imagining the event. There has ...been little direct comparison of these two forms of future-oriented emotion, and authors have typically focused on positive emotions (e.g., pleasure). Besides, their sensitivity to depressive symptoms—which may help to explain motivational problems in depression—has only recently been investigated (e.g., Anderson et al., 2023; Gamble et al., 2021). The present study (conducted September–November 2022) used innovative picture-and-text vignettes depicting everyday positive and negative future events, to which participants rated their anticipated and anticipatory responses on separate dimensions of valence (i.e., how positive or negative) and arousal (i.e., emotional intensity). Based on prior literature, anticipatory emotions were expected to be correlated with, yet weaker than, anticipated emotions, reflecting a conceptualization of anticipatory emotions as a “foretaste” of the affective response one expects in the future. We also predicted that high depressive symptoms would coincide with diminished emotion ratings overall and specifically for anticipatory emotions (tightly coupled with event expectations; Carrera et al., 2012). Results largely supported these preregistered predictions, yet anticipatory emotions (positive and negative) were only weaker in more highly depressed participants. Depressive symptoms may therefore affect how one currently feels about future possibilities without altering one’s expectations of how such events would actually feel. Implications and future research objectives arising from this are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Comments on an article Stress management interventions for college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Y. Amanvermez et al. (2020). Although there have been a handful of meta-analyses ...on stress management interventions in different populations, Amanvermez et al.’s systematic review and meta-analysis of stress management interventions for college students contributes to the literature by separating studies that intervene with highly stressed students, from those that intervene with unselected student populations, restricting studies to guided stress management programs, and excluding interventions that focus on additional aspects to stress. These authors found that guided stress management interventions have moderate effects on stress and anxiety and small-to-moderate effects on depression. Furthermore, they found that target population, type, and length of intervention are important; highly stressed students benefit more than unselected samples, CBT-based interventions have greater effects than other theoretical types, and skills training leads to smaller effects than other types of interventions, with lengthier interventions more beneficial than shorter interventions for highly stressed students. Although Amanvermez et al. did not examine the effects of in-person versus online stress management programs, the current pandemic of COVID-19 and the measures of moving students off campus and into online classes suggest that online stress management programs might be the most relevant in reaching college students and attending to their mental needs from a distance. In the context of COVID-19, novel modalities of administering these programs are necessary and may continue to be beneficial even after the pandemic for increasing the reach, scalability, and accessibility of these programs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CEKLJ, FFLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PEFLJ, SBCE, SBMB, UPUK
Not only do anxiety and depression diagnoses tend to co-occur, but their symptoms are highly correlated. Although a plethora of research has examined longitudinal associations between anxiety and ...depression, these data have not yet been effectively synthesized. To address this need, the current study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 studies involving 88,336 persons examining the prospective relationship between anxiety and depression at both symptom and disorder levels. Using mixed-effect models, results suggested that all types of anxiety symptoms predicted later depressive symptoms (r = .34), and all types of depressive symptoms predicted later anxiety symptoms (r = .31). Although anxiety symptoms more strongly predicted depressive symptoms than vice versa, the difference in effect size for this analysis was very small and likely not clinically meaningful. Additionally, all types of diagnosed anxiety disorders predicted all types of later depressive disorders (OR = 2.77), and all depressive disorders predicted later anxiety disorders (OR = 2.73). Most anxiety and depressive disorders predicted each other with similar degrees of strength, but depressive disorders more strongly predicted social anxiety disorder (OR = 6.05) and specific phobia (OR = 2.93) than vice versa. Contrary to conclusions of prior reviews, our findings suggest that depressive disorders may be prodromes for social and specific phobia, whereas other anxiety and depressive disorders are bidirectional risk factors for one another.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analysis suggests that anxiety and depression symptoms bidirectionally prospectively predict one another with moderate and similar strength. These prospective bidirectional relationships are stronger over shorter time periods and weaken over longer time periods. Most anxiety and depressive disorders significantly bidirectionally prospectively predicted one another with strong nonsignificantly different strength. However, depressive disorders more strongly predicted social and specific phobia than vice versa, suggesting that depressive disorders may be prodromes for social and specific phobia.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Bayesian Networks are probabilistic graphical models that represent conditional independence relationships among variables as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), where edges can be interpreted as causal ...effects connecting one causal symptom to an effect symptom. These models can help overcome one of the key limitations of partial correlation networks whose edges are undirected. This tutorial aims to introduce Bayesian Networks to identify admissible causal relationships in cross-sectional data, as well as how to estimate these models in R through three algorithm families with an empirical example data set of depressive symptoms. In addition, we discuss common problems and questions related to Bayesian networks. We recommend Bayesian networks be investigated to gain causal insight in psychological data.
Translational AbstractIn the last decade, the network framework for the study of mental disorders has emerged as a new way of investigating mental disorders as issuing from interactions among their constituent symptoms. Network analysis is the statistical aspect of this framework, as researchers use nodes (symptoms) and edges (connections between symptoms) to model disorders: Usually, network structures encode pairwise interactions among symptoms. In this study, we introduce Bayesian networks, models that can identify admissible causal relationships in cross-sectional data, as well as a tutorial for applied researchers on how to estimate those models in R. In addition, we discuss common problems and questions related to Bayesian network models.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Objective
A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a ...result of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Despite this, no systematic reviews have been conducted examining the COVID‐19 and ED peer‐reviewed literature. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on individuals with EDs.
Method
Database searches of the peer‐reviewed literature were completed in the subsequent databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO (from November 2019 to October 20, 2021). All research reporting on the relationship between the COVID‐19 pandemic on individuals with EDs were included.
Results
Fifty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria, including 36,485 individuals with EDs.
The pooled hospital admissions across the studies demonstrated on average a 48% (pre = 591, post = 876, n = 10 studies) increase in admissions during the pandemic compared to previous pre‐pandemic timepoints. In this review, 36% of studies (n = 19) documented increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic, this increase in eating disorder symptoms were documented in AN, BED, BN, and OFSED patients. Studies also demonstrated increases in anxiety (n = 9) and depression (n = 8), however patterns of change appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific (e.g., lockdowns).
Discussion
We found a large increase in the number of hospitalizations and an increase in ED symptoms, anxiety, depression, and changes to BMI in ED patients during the pandemic. However, these changes appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific. Many qualitative studies described deterioration in ED symptomatology due to decreased access to care and treatment, changes to routine and loss of structure, negative influence of the media, and social isolation. Future studies are needed to focus on pediatric populations, new ED diagnoses, and severity of illness at presentation.
Public Significance
The scientific literature suggests that individuals with eating disorders have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a result of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study synthesized 53 articles and explored the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on patients with eating disorders. We found increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic; this increase in eating disorder symptoms was documented in patients with common eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, binge‐eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and other specified feeding and eating disorders. This review also demonstrated changes in body mass index (an index used to classify underweight, overweight, and obesity in adults) and increases in anxiety and depression during the pandemic compared to previous timepoints; patterns of change appeared to be related to timing of lockdowns. This review provides important information on the impact of COVID‐19 on the physical and mental health of individuals with eating disorders.
Resumen
Objetivo
Un creciente conjunto de evidencia sugiere que las personas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) han experimentado síntomas de deterioro, mayor aislamiento y un aumento en los ingresos hospitalarios como resultado de la pandemia de COVID‐19. A pesar de esto, no se han realizado revisiones sistemáticas que examinen la literatura revisada por pares de COVID‐19 y TCA. Por lo tanto, esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo sintetizar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID‐19 en las personas con TCA.
Método
Las búsquedas en las bases de datos de la literatura revisada por pares se completaron en las bases de datos posteriores: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE y PsycINFO (de noviembre de 2019 al 20 de octubre de 2021). Se incluyeron todos los informes de investigación sobre la relación entre la pandemia de COVID‐19 en individuos con TCA.
Resultados
Cincuenta y tres estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, incluyendo 36,485 individuos con TCA. Los ingresos hospitalarios agrupados en los estudios demostraron en promedio un aumento del 48% (antes = 591, después = 876, n = 10 estudios) en los ingresos durante la pandemia en comparación con los puntos de tiempo previos a la pandemia. En esta revisión, el 36% de los estudios (n = 19) documentaron aumentos en los síntomas del trastorno alimentario durante la pandemia, este aumento en los síntomas del trastorno de la conducta alimentaria se documentó en pacientes con AN, TpA, BN y OSFED. Los estudios también demostraron aumentos en la ansiedad (n = 9) y la depresión (n = 8), sin embargo, los patrones de cambio parecían ser diagnósticos y específicos del momento (por ejemplo, encierros).
Discusión
Encontramos un gran aumento en el número de hospitalizaciones y un aumento en los síntomas de TCA, ansiedad, depresión y los cambios en el IMC en pacientes con TCA durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, estos cambios parecían ser diagnósticos y específicos del momento. Muchos estudios cualitativos describieron un deterioro en la sintomatología del trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) debido a la disminución del acceso a la atención y el tratamiento, los cambios en la rutina y la pérdida de estructura, la influencia negativa de los medios de comunicación y el aislamiento social. Se necesitan estudios futuros para centrarse en las poblaciones pediátricas, los nuevos diagnósticos de TCA y la gravedad de la enfermedad al momento de la presentación.
Palabras clave
trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, pandemia, COVID‐19
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and related lockdown measures have raised important questions about the impact on mental health. This study evaluated several mental health and well-being ...indicators in a large sample from the United Kingdom (UK) during the COVID-19 lockdown where the death rate is currently among the highest in Europe.
A cross-sectional online survey with a study sample that mirrors general population norms according to sex, age, education, and region was launched 4 weeks after lockdown measures were implemented in the UK. Measures included mental health-related quality of life (World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Brief Version psychological domain), well-being (World Health Organization Well-Being Index), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10), and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index). Analyses of variances, Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests, and t tests were applied to examine mental health indicators across different sociodemographic groups (age, sex, employment, income, physical activity, relationship status).
The sample comprised n = 1006 respondents (54% women) from all regions of the UK. Approximately 52% of respondents screened positive for a common mental disorder, and 28% screened positive for clinical insomnia. Mean scores and standard deviations were as follows: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, mean = 9.0 ± 7.7; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, mean = 8.0 ± 6.5; Insomnia Severity Index, mean = 10.4 ± 7.0; Perceived Stress Scale-10, mean = 17.7 ± 7.9; World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Brief Version, mean = 58.6 ± 21.4; and World Health Organization Well-Being Index score, mean = 13.0 ± 6.0. Statistical analyses consistently indicated more severe mental health problems in adults younger than 35 years, women, people with no work, and people with low income (all p values < .05). Mental health indices also varied across UK regions.
The prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms is significantly higher in the UK relative to prepandemic epidemiological data. Further studies are needed to clarify the causes for these high rates of mental health symptoms.
PDF
