•Statistics of 269 K–Ar datings of lunar highland returned samples are reviewed.•These are compared against 94 datings of meteoritic highland rocks from 21 localities.•Cumulative effect of impact ...gardening on presence of melt at surface is modelled.•Combined modelling and analysis contradicts idea of a short terminal cataclysm.
This work revisits the hypothesis of the so-called ‘lunar terminal cataclysm’ suggested by Tera et al. (1973, 1974) as a strong peak in the meteorite bombardment of the Moon around 3.9 Ga ago. According to the hypothesis, most of the impact craters observed on the lunar highlands formed during this short time period and thus formed the majority of the lunar highland impact breccias and melts. The hypothesis arose from the observation that the ages of highland samples from all the lunar missions are mostly grouped around 3.9–4.0 Ga. Since those missions, however, radiometric dating techniques have progressed and many samples, both old and new, have been re-analyzed. Nevertheless, the debate over whether there was a terminal cataclysm persists. To progress in this problem we summarized results of 269 K–Ar datings (mostly made using the 40Ar–39Ar technique) of highland rocks represented by the Apollo 14, 15, 16, 17 and Luna 20 samples and 94 datings of clasts of the highland rocks from 23 lunar meteorites representing 21 localities on the lunar surface, and considered them jointly with the results of our modelling of the cumulative effect of the impact gardening process on the presence of impact melt of different ages at the near-surface of the Moon.
The considered results of K–Ar dating of the Apollo-Luna samples of lunar highland rocks confirmed a presence of strong peak centered at 3.87 Ga. But since the time when the hypothesis of terminal cataclysm was suggested, it has become clear that this peak could be a result of sampling bias: it is the only prominent feature at the sites with an apparent domination of Imbrium basin ejecta (Apollo 14 and 15) and the age pattern is more complicated for the sites influenced not only by Imbrium ejecta but also that of other basins (Nectaris at the Apollo 16 site and Serenitatis at the Apollo 17 site). Our modelling shows that the cataclysm, if it occurred, should produce a strong peak in the measured age values but we see in the considered histograms and relative probability plots not only the 3.87 Ga peak (due to Imbrium basin), but also several secondary peaks caused by the formation of other basins distributed between 3.87 and 4.25 Ga.
The lunar terminal cataclysm hypothesis is in disagreement with the distribution of K–Ar ages for the highland rocks of the lunar meteorites. The population of lunar meteorites representing localities randomly distributed over the lunar surface, and thus free from the mentioned sampling bias, shows no ∼3.9 Ga peak as it should, if the cataclysm did occur.
We conclude that the statistics of sample ages contradict the terminal cataclysm scenario in the bombardment of the Moon. We also see evidence for the formation of several impact basins between 3.87 and 4.25 Ga which is likewise incompatible with the hypothesis of a short interval cataclysm. There remain other basins, including the largest South Pole – Aitken, the ages of which should be determined in future studies to further clarify the impact history. Sample-return missions targeted to date several key basins need to be planned, and the continued study of lunar meteorites may also bring new details to the general view of the impact bombardment of the Moon.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) describes the prevention of luteolysis via the early conceptus. By prolonging the presence of the corpus luteum (CL), the conceptus ensures an environment ...capable of supporting pregnancy. In mares, MRP is enigmatic; the horse is one of few domesticated species wherein the MRP signal has yet to be discovered. Equine conceptus mobility throughout the uterine horns, termed migration, is known to be essential for pregnancy establishment. However, while the MRP signal in several other species is conceptus-derived, such a signal has yet to be observed from the equine embryo. We hypothesize that the migration of the equine conceptus itself activates MRP, potentially through epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). ENaC has been previously detected in multiple equine organs, observed in the uteri of various mammalian species, and also found to be upregulated during preimplantation in mice. However, neither the presence of ENaC within the mare uterus nor its potential involvement with the equine pregnancy has been researched. The aim of this study was 1) to determine if ENaC was present within the endometrium of the mare uterus and 2) to describe the location of ENaC if observed. Estrus synchronization was completed in mares (n = 14) during peak breeding season. Mares were subsequently blocked by age and breed and then placed into one of 2 groups: control mares (C; n = 7) and treatment mares (T; n = 7). Transrectal ultrasonography (US) was completed in all mares daily when one or more ovarian follicles reached 25 mm. When a mare had a 35 mm or larger follicle present, she received 2,000 international units of human chorionic gonadotropin intramuscularly to induce ovulation (OV) and US continued daily. Additionally, T mares were artificially inseminated (AI) with fresh, extended semen every day until the day after OV and were subsequently checked for pregnancy 12 d post-OV. C mares had the cervix manually manipulated the day after OV to replicate physical stimulation that occurs to the cervix when AI; however, no semen was deposited in C mare reproductive tracts. Endometrial biopsies were collected from all mares before OV, after OV, and during early pregnancy (when applicable) and samples were then processed for ENaC immunohistochemistry analysis. ENaC protein was immunodetected in all C and T mare endometrial samples and was localized to both uterine luminal epithelium and uterine glands. While further analysis will be conducted to quantify endometrial ENaC expression in C versus T (open versus pregnant) mares, the present histological data confirms that ENaC is present within the equine uterus.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) has been localized within many organs of various species, including the uterus of mice, rats, and humans. Additionally, ENaC expression within the rodent uterus was ...differentially influenced by 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and has been proposed to be the major mechanism regulating uterine fluid absorption and secretion. In the equine, ENaC has been observed in the trachea, hooves, and endometrium; however, the potential relationship between E2, P4, and ENaC in the mare endometrium has yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate possible interactions between E2, P4, and ENaC from cycling mares using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Estrus was synchronized for all mares (n = 13) by daily administration of oral altrenogest (ALT) for 15 consecutive days. On the last day of ALT treatment, all mares received 5 mg of dinoprost IM. Following synchronization, all mares were teased daily with a stallion. Transrectal ultrasonography (US) for observation of ovarian activity and day of ovulation (OV; d0) were completed every other day until OV. On d10, US, blood collection via jugular venipuncture, and a uterine biopsy sample were collected. Biopsy samples were fixed to later complete ENaC evaluation by IHC. A uterine biopsysample and blood collection had also been similarly collected and processed for each mare during estrus when she simultaneously had a ≥ 30mm Graafian follicle present and was displaying estrual behaviors. For statistical comparison, a paired t-test was applied. Mares averaged an estrus duration of 4.85 ± 1.86 d. Plasma E2 was 2.27 ± 0.45 pg/mL on d10 and 3.58 ± 0.48 pg/mL on estrus sample day. Plasma P4 concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.01) on d10 when compared with estrus sample day (8.53 ± 1.17 ng/mL vs 0.04 ± 0.02 ng/mL, respectively). The percentage of positively stained ENaC cells was significantly higher (P < 0.01) on d10 when compared with estrus sample day (81.27 ± 3.19% vs 58.84 ± 3.23%). In conclusion, our findings indicate that sex steroids, specifically P4, may regulate ENaC within the mare endometrium, with ENaC being increased during diestrus and decreased during estrus. Collectively, the changes of ENaC concentrations during the estrous cycle might impact the critically sensitive fluid environment within the mare uterus.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Placă, realizată din piatră, pe care este reprodus, în basorelief, un soldat cu arma în mână. Basorelieful este înconjurat de fotografii, în porțelan, ale eroilor. Sub basorelief, sunt inscripționate ...nume de eroi. Deasupra plăcii este fixată o cruce de dimensiuni reduse. Dimensiuni monument: 81cm x 34cm x 163cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: Stare foarte proastă de conservare.
Inscripții pe monument: „1914-1918. VOAUĂ GLORIE, NOAUĂ EXEMPLU!” NUME DE EROI (33) NUME DE EROI (22)
Placă, realizată din piatră, pe care este reprodus, în basorelief, un soldat cu arma în mână. Basorelieful este înconjurat de fotografii, în porțelan, ale eroilor. Sub basorelief, sunt inscripționate nume de eroi. Deasupra plăcii este fixată o cruce de dimensiuni reduse. Dimensiuni monument: 81cm x 34cm x 163cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: Stare foarte proastă de conservare.
Studies of the lunar atmosphere have shown it to be a stable, low-density surface boundary exosphere for the last 3 billion years. However, substantial volcanic activity on the Moon prior to 3 Ga may ...have released sufficient volatiles to form a transient, more prominent atmosphere. Here, we calculate the volume of mare basalt emplaced as a function of time, then estimate the corresponding production of volatiles released during the mare basalt-forming eruptions. Results indicate that during peak mare emplacement and volatile release ∼3.5 Ga, the maximum atmospheric pressure at the lunar surface could have reached ∼1 kPa, or ∼1.5 times higher than Mars' current atmospheric surface pressure. This lunar atmosphere may have taken ∼70 million years to fully dissipate. Most of the volatiles released by mare basalts would have been lost to space, but some may have been sequestered in permanently shadowed regions on the lunar surface. If only 0.1% of the mare water vented during these eruptions remains in the polar regions of the Moon, volcanically-derived volatiles could account for all hydrogen deposits – suspected to be water – currently observed in the Moon's permanently shadowed regions. Future missions to such locations may encounter evidence of not only asteroidal, cometary, and solar wind-derived volatiles, but also volatiles vented from the interior of the Moon.
•Peak lunar volcanic activity 3.5 Ga released ∼1019 g of volatiles around the Moon.•Erupted volatiles formed a lunar atmosphere 1.5× thicker than is currently on Mars.•Lunar polar H/H2O may have originated as volatiles released in peak mare eruptions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Background
Mare and foal survival are increased with prompt dystocia management. Data regarding mortality outcomes in mares and foals, when mares are recumbent at admission for dystocia resolution, ...are scarce.
Objectives
To evaluate recumbency at hospital admission as a risk factor for survival of mares and foals following dystocia management. Subsequent mare fertility was also evaluated.
Study design
Retrospective cohort.
Methods
Data were obtained from medical records at Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital of mares with dystocia between 1995 and 2018. Mare signalment, ambulation status, survival data and foaling records were collected. The proportion of mare survival and mare fertility were analysed using chi‐squared tests. Foal survival was analysed using Fisher's exact test. Odds ratios were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
There were 1038 ambulatory mares and 41 recumbent mares included in the analysis. Survival rates after dystocia resolution were 90.5% (977/1079) in mares and 37.3% (402/1079) in foals. Ambulatory mares had higher odds of survival (OR 6.93, 95% CI: 3.25–14.78, p < 0.001) than recumbent mares. Foals delivered from ambulatory mares had higher odds of survival (OR 22.7, 95% CI: 3.11–165.44, p = 0.002) compared with foals delivered from recumbent mares. Fertility was not statistically different for surviving Thoroughbred mares within 3 years following dystocia resolution between ambulatory and recumbent mares.
Main limitations
Retrospective study design and small case number of recumbent mares.
Conclusions
Mare and foal survival was significantly decreased when mares with dystocia were recumbent at hospital admission. Subsequent fertility, as defined for this study, of surviving mares was not affected by ambulation status at the time of dystocia resolution.
RESUMEN
Historial
La supervivencia de yegua y potrillo aumenta con el tratamiento oportuno de las distocias. Información sobre los resultados de mortalidad en yeguas y potrillos a la resolución de la distocia, cuando la yegua está postrada al momento de la admisión es escaza.
Objetivos
El objetivo de este estudio, es evaluar la postración al momento de la admisión al hospital como un factor de riesgo para la supervivencia de yeguas y potrillos después del tratamiento de distocia. La fertilidad subsecuente de la yegua también fue evaluada.
Diseño del estudio
Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.
Métodos
Datos de yeguas con distocia entre 1995–2008 fueron obtenidos de los archivos médicos de Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital. Síntomas de las yeguas, estado ambulatorio, información de supervivencia y archivos de parición fueron recolectados. La proporción de supervivencia de yeguas y fertilidad de yeguas fueron analizadas con prueba de chi‐cuadrado. La supervivencia de potrillos fue analizada usando una prueba exacta de Fisher. Se calcularon odds ratios usando regresión logística multivariada.
Resultados
Índices de supervivencia. Se incluyeron 1038 yeguas capaces de deambular y 41 yeguas postradas. Los índices de supervivencia después de la resolución de la distocia fueron de 90.5% (977/1079) en yeguas y de 37.3% (402/1079) en potrillos. Las yeguas capaces de deambular, tenían más probabilidades de sobrevivir (OR 6.93, 95% CI: 3.25–14.78, p < 0.001) que las yeguas postradas. Los potrillos nacidos de yeguas capaces de deambular tenían mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir (OR 22.7, 95% CI: 3.11–165.44, p = 0.002) comparados a potrillos nacidos de yeguas postradas. La fertilidad no fue estadísticamente diferente entre yeguas Fina Sangre de Carrera sobrevivientes dentro de los 3 próximos años después de la resolución de la distocia entre yeguas móviles y aquellas postradas.
Limitaciones principales
Diseño de estudio retrospectivo y un pequeño número de casos de yeguas postradas.
Conclusiones
La supervivencia de yegua y potrillo disminuye significativamente cuando las yeguas con distocia están postradas al momento de admisión al hospital. La fertilidad subsecuente, tal cual ha sido definida en este estudio, de las yeguas sobrevivientes no fue afectada por el estatus de estar móvil al momento de la resolución de la distocia.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A robust assessment is made of the distribution and (spatially resolved) geologic context for the newly identified rock type on the Moon, a Mg-spinel-bearing anorthosite (pink-spinel anorthosite, ...PSA). Essential criteria for confirmed detection of Mg-spinel using spectroscopic techniques are presented and these criteria are applied to recent data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper. Altogether, 23 regions containing confirmed exposures of the new Mg-spinel rock type are identified. All exposures are in highly feldspathic terrain and are small--a few hundred meters--but distinct and verifiable, most resulting from multiple measurements. Each confirmed detection is classified according to geologic context along with other lithologies identified in the same locale. Confirmed locations include areas along the inner rings of four mascon basins, knobs within central peaks of a few craters, and dispersed exposures within the terraced walls of several large craters. Unexpected detections of Mg-spinel are also found at a few areas of hypothesized non-mare volcanism. The small Mg-spinel exposures are shown to be global in distribution, but generally associated with areas of thin crust. Confirmation of Mg-spinel exposures as part of the inner ring of four mascon basins indicates this PSA rock type is principally of lower crust origin and predates the basin-forming era.
Volcanic eruptions on the Moon take place in conditions of low gravity and negligible atmospheric pressure, very different from those on Earth. These differences lead to characteristic lunar versions ...of hawaiian and strombolian explosive activity, and to the production of unusual eruption products neither predicted nor observed on Earth in the terminal stages of eruptions. These include the unusual mounds and rough (hummocky, blocky) floors of some small-shield summit pit crater floors, elongate depressions and mare flows (similar to those named “irregular mare patches”, IMPs, by Braden et al., 2014). We examine the ascent and eruption of magma in the waning stages of the eruptive process in small-shield summit pit crater floors and show that many IMP characteristics can be plausibly explained by basaltic magma behavior as the rise rate of the ascending magma slows to zero, volatiles exsolve in the dike and lava lake to form a very vesicular foam, and the dike begins to close. Stresses in the very vesicular and porous lava lake crust produce fractures through which the foam extrudes at a rate determined by its non-Newtonian rheology. Waning-stage extrusion of viscous magmatic foams to the surface produces convex mounds whose physical properties inhibit typical impact crater formation and regolith development, creating an artificially young crater retention age. This mechanism for the production and extrusion of very vesicular magmatic foams is also applicable to waning-stage dike closure associated with pit craters atop dikes, and fissure eruptions in the lunar maria, providing an explanation for many irregular mare patches. This mechanism implies that IMPs and associated mare structures (small shields, pit craters and fissure flows) formed synchronously billions of years ago, in contrast to very young ages (less than ~100millionyears) proposed for IMPs by some workers.
•Ina is an irregular mare patch (IMP) with fresh-appearing mounds/hummocky material.•IMPs are interpreted to be young (<100Ma), but Ina is atop a 3.5Ga shield volcano.•Waning eruptive rise rates slow, more volatiles exsolve, as the dike begins to close.•This forms a very vesicular foam that can extrude to produce the mounds.•Unusual foam cratering properties (aerogel effect) can explain apparent young age.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Equine endometrosis is a degenerative and predominantly fibrotic condition resulting from progressive and irreversible multifactorial causes that influence the endometrium of mare. Tissue remodeling ...in the equine endometrium occurs as part of the pathogenesis of endometrosis, a process characterized by a shift in extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The relationship between matrix metalloproteinases and their specific inhibitors is crucial for the remodeling process. Collagen play a significant role in maintaining a healthy uterus and may promote fibrotic processes. The aim of this study was to quantify endometrial collagen deposition using picrosirius 25 red (PSR) staining, and to evaluate gene expression of collagen type 2 (COL-2) and 3 (COL-3), matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP-1) and 2 (MMP-2), their tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the endometrium of mares with different grades of fibrosis. The samples (n = 34) were classified into three categories based on the frequency and distribution of fibrosis-related changes in the endometrium: Category I (healthy endometrium, n = 12), Category II (moderate fibrosis, n = 12), and Category III (severe fibrosis, n = 10). Collagen quantification demonstrate a substantial proportional increase (P < 0.0001) in collagen deposition across Category I (11.72 ± 1.39 %), Category II (17.76 ± 1.29 %), and Category III (24.15 ± 1.87 %). In transcript evaluations, higher COL-2 expression was found in Category II than in mares classified as Category I or III. MMP-1 showed increased transcript expression in Category II compared to Category III endometrial samples. Higher expression of MMP-2 was detected in Category III than in Category I and II. TIMP-2 showed lower mRNA expression in Category III vs Category I and II. However, TNF-α gene expression was higher in Category II than in Categories I and III. This study demonstrates that endometrial evaluation using PSR can play an important role in routine analyses for the detection and objective quantification of collagen in endometrial tissues. Additionally, this study demonstrated through gene expression analysis that MMP-1 may be linked to physiological endometrial remodeling. In contrast, MMP-2 could be associated with fibrogenesis in the endometrium, which is regulated by the inhibitor TIMP-2. Furthermore, COL-2 and TNF-α could be considered as biological markers involved in the progression endometrosis in mares. As such, the results of this study may contribute to the development of future antifibrotic therapies that aim to delay or even reverse the pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix in the uterus, in addition to optimizing the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial fibrosis in mares.
•Increased collagen accumulation in the uterine of mares with endometrosis.•Positive correlation between the animals' age and uterine collagen deposition.•Lower MMP-2 and higher TIMP-2 expression could be key for ECM reorganization.•TNF-α and COL-2 as possible markers of developing endometrosis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Obelisc, realizat din piatră, deasupra căruia sunt reprezentate țevi de tun și un glob. Pe capitel este reprodusă, în relief, o cruce. Pe fața principală a obeliscului sunt inscripționate dedicații ...în limba germană precum și nume germane dispuse pe șase coloane. Dimensiuni: 80 x 60cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: Stare bună de conservare.
Inscripții pe monument: Fața principală: „ZUR DANKBAREN ERINNERUG DEN UNVERGESSLICHEN HELDENTOTEN DER GEMEINDE GROSS JETSCHA AUSS DER WELTKRIEGE 1914-1918. GEFALLEN KNAUT KAR” NUME GERMANE (55) Stânga: „TREU DEM VOLK TREU DER HEIMAT” Verso: „FUR LICHT, WAHRHEIT UND RECHT” Dreapta: „EINIGKEIT MACHT STARK”
Obelisk, made of stone, above which are represented cannon pipes and a globe. On the capitel is reproduced, embossed, a cross. On the main front of the obelisk are inscribed dedications in German as well as German names arranged on six columns. Dimensions: 80 x 60cm.
Mentions about the monument: Good state of conservation.
Inscriptions on the monument: The main face: "ZUR DANKBAREN ERINNERUG DEN UNVERGESSLICHEN HELDENTOTEN DER GEMEINDE GROSS JETSCHA AUSS DER WELTKRIEGE 1914-1918. GEFALLEN KNAUT KAR “NUME GERMANE (55) Left:” TREU DEM VOLK TREU DER HEIMAT “Verso:” FUR LICHT, WAHRHEIT UND RECHT “Right:” EINIGKEIT MACHT STARK "
Obelisc, realizat din piatră, deasupra căruia sunt reprezentate țevi de tun și un glob. Pe capitel este reprodusă, în relief, o cruce. Pe fața principală a obeliscului sunt inscripționate dedicații în limba germană precum și nume germane dispuse pe șase coloane. Dimensiuni: 80 x 60cm.
Mențiuni despre monument: Stare bună de conservare.
Inscripții pe monument: Fața principală: „ZUR DANKBAREN ERINNERUG DEN UNVERGESSLICHEN HELDENTOTEN DER GEMEINDE GROSS JETSCHA AUSS DER WELTKRIEGE 1914-1918. GEFALLEN KNAUT KAR” NUME GERMANE (55) Stânga: „TREU DEM VOLK TREU DER HEIMAT” Verso: „FUR LICHT, WAHRHEIT UND RECHT” Dreapta: „EINIGKEIT MACHT STARK”
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