The environmental risk of oil spill was comprehensively evaluated based on the risk source of hazardous chemicals, sea-related sensitive targets and ship traffic density. Firstly, from the ...perspective of spatial distribution and quantitative characteristics, the impact factors of marine environmental risk in Ningbo City were extracted, and the assessment methods and index system of marine environmental risk were established. Then the GIS spatial information platform was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of environmental risks in Ningbo coastal waters. The results show that Cixi City in northwest and Zhenhai potential environmental risk of oil spill is extremely high, to the sensitivity of oil spill is relatively high, that these areas as the key control object; Beilun and Fenghua area in southeast coastal area and Xiangshan island in the east China sea, its environmental risk is general risk, that these areas for general control object, the potential environmental risk belongs to the medium sensitivit
Ecosystem Services (ESs) assessment is increasingly considered the constitutive metric to embrace the social, ecological, and economic spheres. Spatially explicit ES assessments can integrate and ...standardize different types of information, making them comparable. In this context, a multiple coastal and marine ESs assessment in the Northern-Central Adriatic Sea was carried out, considering seven ESs. Two cultural (tourism and recreational boating), two regulating (carbon sequestration and coastal erosion prevention potential), and three provisioning (mussel, whitefish aquaculture, and industrial fishery) ESs have been measured. The spatial analysis described (un)sustainable human uses of ecosystems in the area. (De)coupling of ES capacities and flows and synergies and tradeoffs among ESs were analyzed. Results indicate spatial agreement for capacities, while contrasting results emerged from the analysis across flows and of the capacity-flow balance. The evidence of a geographical pattern and areas of high, medium, and low capability to provide ESs across the study area was highlighted, suggesting the need for implementing the natural resources management. Some coastal provinces maximize a single ES at the detriment of other ESs, and other provinces built mimics of Nature through artificial facilities. These strategies are not far-sighted in the view of conserving the supply of the whole ESs set. These findings might be useful in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), and for the implementation of the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) in the Northern-Central Adriatic Sea.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The oceans are three-dimensional (3D) spaces, resource redistribution has long tended to involve two-dimensional (2D) planning, which has obscured the resource attributes and ecological features of ...the ocean's different layers, and is prone to cause erroneous sea-use conflicts. This study established a new 3D marine spatial planning (MSP) method consisting of ecological protection zoning (EPZ) and intensive sea-use zoning (ISZ) programs involving marine 3D spatial laying: EPZ was determined using a Marxan model. Based on spatial idleness and environmental friendliness principles, and appropriate newly added sea-use activities were designed to form synergistic sea-use combinations to establish an ISZ program. A case study of Qidong was conducted to test the applicability of the 3D planning program and compare the differences in the zoning results according to the two scenarios of ecological protection and exploitation. Results indicated that EPZ of mid-bottom waterbodies accounted for the highest proportion (47.62%). The best solutions and planning units selected frequency grading could be achieved separately for two scenarios of EPZ. For ISZ, the zoning for both scenarios achieves a synergistic effect between the newly added sea-use activities in the transportation zone; through the northward shift of sea-use in the southern fairway of Qidong, this sea-use activity converted the initially antagonistic attributes with the ecological protection zone to a synergistic purpose. Differences in the results of the intensive sea use zoning between the two scenarios were manifested in the EPZ and surrounding sea use activities, focusing on fishing and ecological control zones and the arrangement of wind power. The 3D MSP methods can address the conflict between some sea-use activities in 2D planning and the conflict between stakeholders competing for the sea-use right, and it also provides a solution for the coastal government to redistribute the marine resources and coordinate the sea-use elements. The relevant practice can provide theoretical and technical support for ecological protection, intensive and economical utilization of marine spatial resources, and national spatial planning framework improvement.
•Three-dimensional marine spatial planning methodology was established.•Qidong ecological protection zone of mid-bottom waterbodies account for the highest.•Synergistic and antagonistic relationship management accompanies the planning process.•Different scenario zoning results provide managers with a decision-making basis.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
As part of the progressive process of extending spatial plans to cover an increasing number of marine areas, with the aim of objectively balancing the interests of various users of the marine area, ...it has become necessary to establish the value of marine areas as a yardstick or determinant of the user group for which a given marine area is of greater value. This study seeks to fill a research gap by attempting to develop a method to calculate the value of marine areas for the commercial shipping industry. This is done to make it possible in the future to prepare the ground for policy regulating the spatial rent of the sea, whose most important users are shipowners and their ships. We use the homogeneous basin of the Polish Marine Areas (PMA) in the Baltic Sea. Based on a literature review, we conclude that such a method does not exist, posing a significant challenge in the process of marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) and maritime policy formulation. Conducting an in-depth analysis of 2020 data on ship traffic in the basin noted above, combined with a financial analysis of shipowners’ operating costs and profitability indicators, we can determine the value of marine areas both in aggregate for all shipping in the studied basin and for each of the five segments of shipping – the bulk cargo, ro-ro cargo, container, tanker, and passenger segments. In addition, through a dynamic analysis of ship traffic, it is possible to determine the value of sea area in Polish seawaters per unit of area (1 km²) at the average level and for the five specified market segments. The obtained values show that the total profits of shipowners in the Polish Marine Areas, which are at the level of more than EUR 103 million per year, and the average value of profits per 1 km² of marine area used by a ship provide future decision-makers with an objective point of reference to shape future policies for the fiscalization of public space, including the sea.
Fish aggregating devices (FADs) are floating objects that facilitate the aggregation of fish; those that aggregate pelagic species such as tunas are of particular interest for artisanal and ...industrial fisheries.
Due to the increasing use of these devices worldwide, bodies responsible for the administration and management of fishery resources have proposed control and surveillance activities focused on the use of such devices. To achieve this, it is essential to have access to quality information, which is usually obtained through on‐board observer programmes such as the Colombian Fisheries Observer Program.
Based on the historical records of this programme, and for the first time, the spatial–temporal distribution of the FADs in the eastern tropical sector of the Eastern Pacific Ocean is presented, analysing 166 records of tuna fishing operations carried out between 2009 and 2015. Of the 2,328 sets identified in the records, 957 corresponded to sets on FADs, of which 80.56% were effective and caught 12,246 tons of tuna.
The number of sets of FADs increased over time, representing approximately 86.9% of the sets recorded in 2015, compared to 4.8% of this type of set recorded in 2009, with the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor being the area of greatest concentration of sets.
Considering that the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor was designed to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, this study highlights the need to include as a research priority, the potential effect that aggregation devices may have on the biological connectivity processes present in the corridor, as well as on the dynamics of large pelagic fish populations of commercial interest.
In terms of management of FADs, it is recommended that a precautionary approach be adopted and that regulations related to the maximum number of FADs per vessel be adjusted according to their Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission class, in addition to assigning a maximum number of sets per vessel.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Traditional fishery management schemes have gained increasing recognition worldwide. It can be explained by a better compliance to ancient cultural practices, still rooted in present-day coastal ...communities despite globalization and modern livelihoods. This revival is widespread and welcome by policy makers, scientists, and the communities themselves. However, current environmental and socio-economic contexts are often not conform to ancient-time situations. Baselines are different. Effective adjustments of traditional practices may be advocated. Re-establishment of traditional schemes ‘as such’ warrants further investigations and modern quantitative assessment and management approaches can help. A demonstration is provided here for a rural Polynesian island that faces declining marine resources. Recently, local fishers discussed the implementation of a traditional system (called rāhui) to preserve the island lagoon resources, based on the rotational closure of an arbitrary 50% of each lagoon subdivision. Upon the fishers’ request who questioned a traditional scheme that has not been applied for decades and seeked some scientific approval, we used systematic conservation planning (SCP) tools to explore potential optimisation pathways. All quantitative conservation objectives being equal, SCP suggested reserve sizes and opportunity costs on average 7 and 5 times lower than the traditional design. Traditional management federates communities and is strongly encouraged, but fishers are now aware that effective alternative designs are possible. A hybrid design mixing traditional practices and data-based optimizations is advocated. Similar findings and recommendations can be expected in other regions.
•Fishers in Raivavae island aim for a traditional rotational fishery closure.•Fishers are also in demand of an optimization of this traditional approach.•Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) and Marxan can provide valuable insights.•Marxan reproduced the inputs and enhanced the outputs of the traditional design.•Traditional management and SCP can be used together to co-maximize their strengths.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) framework is applied to critically assess the governance of the Sainte Luce Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA), southeast Madagascar. Madagascar ...experiences rapid population growth, widespread poverty, corruption and political instability, which hinders natural resource governance. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been repeatedly employed to circumvent the lack of state capacity. This includes the LMMA model, which has rapidly proliferated, represented by MIHARI, Madagascar's LMMA network. The lobster fishing is the primary source of income for households in the impoverished community of Sainte Luce, one of the key landing sites in the regional export industry. However, fishers, industry actors and available data suggest a significant decline of local and regional stocks, likely due to over-exploitation driven by poverty and migration. In 2013, SEED Madagascar a UK NGO, worked to establish community-based fishery management in Sainte Luce, setting up a local management committee, which introduced a periodic no take zone (NTZ). Despite the community's efforts and some significant achievements, the efficacy of management is limited. To date, limited state support and the lack of engagement by actors throughout the value chain have hampered effective governance. The study reinforces the finding that resilient governance relies on a diversity of actors and the incentives they collectively employ. Here and elsewhere, there is a limit to what can be achieved by bottom-up approaches in isolation. Resilient management of marine resources in Madagascar relies on improving the capacity of community, state, NGO and industry actors to collectively govern resources.
•Critical governance analysis of a locally managed marine area (LMMA) in Madagascar.•Limited data suggest declining catch and stock due to overexploitation of lobster.•Population growth, migration and lack of alternative livelihoods drives overfishing.•The community have established a LMMA and introduced management measures.•LMMA approach cannot address threats without support from state and other actors.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Small-scale fisheries are a cornerstone of coastal livelihoods throughout Madagascar, providing income, nutrition, and a way of life to over half a million people. Due to limited state capacity, ...community-based management of marine resources has proliferated, with locally-managed marine areas (LMMAs) becoming a major avenue for coastal resource governance in Madagascar. Though case studies of LMMAs exist, little research has tracked their effectiveness over time. In 2016, the Marine Protected Areas Governance (MPAG) framework was used to critically assess the governance of the Ankobohobo wetland’s mud crab fishery: the first analysis of a fishery produced using the framework. This study revisits Ankobohobo using the same methodology three years later, representing the first longitudinal application of the framework. Overall, participants throughout the fishery revealed a lack of progress towards management goals and emphasized the vulnerability of the governance model to external drivers of change. Despite substantial efforts from fishers and fishing associations to secure sustainable crab fishing, progress is hindered by an absence of support from the state or NGOs. Persistent challenges include intensified mangrove logging, declining crab stocks, increased fishing effort, and entrenched poverty. These are driven by factors beyond the communities’ control: global markets, population growth, migration, and a lack of viable, income-generating activities. These findings emphasise that a purely bottom-up, community-led approach cannot address external drivers. Effective governance requires a diversity of actors and incentives combining bottom-up and top-down approaches. The absence of this in Ankobohobo explains the lack of progress in the three years between these assessments.
•Longitudinal governance assessments are needed to track governance models and their ability to address threats over time.•Ankobohobo LMMA has not overcome challenges threatening sustainability including overexploitation and lack of livelihoods.•In the absence of state support, local fishers and fishing associations cannot implement effective management.•Bottom-up governance alone is vulnerable to external drivers; a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches are needed.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) framework was developed to offer a structured, empirical approach for analysing governance and has been applied to marine prottabected areas (MPAs) around ...the world. This study sees the novel application of the MPAG framework to a small-scale mangrove crab fishery in northwest Madagascar. The country typifies developing country environmental governance challenges, due to its poverty, political instability and lack of state capacity, with bottom-up approaches often identified as a potential solution. In this context, small-scale fisheries (SSF) play a vital role in food security and poverty alleviation but are vulnerable to over-exploitation. The case study examines community-based management, including the role of three nascent fishing association managing portions of the fishery, within a mangrove ecosystem. Despite issues with underrepresentation of fishers in local resource management organizations that have partial responsibility for the mangrove habitats, some management measures and incentives have been applied, including the replantation of mangroves and fishery-wide gear restrictions. However, the analysis highlights market forces and migration are drivers with negative synergistic effects that cannot be controlled by bottom-up management. Incentives identified as needed or in need or strengthening require the support of external actors, the state, industry and or NGO(s). Thus, governance approaches should seek integration and move away from polarised solutions (top-down vs- bottom-up). As shown by other MPAG case studies, effective governance is dependent on achieving ‘resilience through diversity’, in terms of the diversity of both the actors and the incentives they are able to collectively employ.
•Novel application of a governance analysis framework to a crab fishery in Madagascar.•Human migration and demand for crab threaten the fishery and mangrove ecosystem.•Genuine community-based fishery management has introduced management measures.•Bottom-up, locally managed marine area (LMMA) approach cannot fully address threats.•Effective governance requires integration of community, state and NGO actors.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
PDF
