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22.
Engineered Living Hydrogels Liu, Xinyue; Inda, Maria Eugenia; Lai, Yong ...
Advanced materials (Weinheim),
July 1, 2022, Volume:
34, Issue:
26
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Living biological systems, ranging from single cells to whole organisms, can sense, process information, and actuate in response to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by living biological ...systems, engineered living cells and nonliving matrices are brought together, which gives rise to the technology of engineered living materials. By designing the functionalities of living cells and the structures of nonliving matrices, engineered living materials can be created to detect variability in the surrounding environment and to adjust their functions accordingly, thereby enabling applications in health monitoring, disease treatment, and environmental remediation. Hydrogels, a class of soft, wet, and biocompatible materials, have been widely used as matrices for engineered living cells, leading to the nascent field of engineered living hydrogels. Here, the interactions between hydrogel matrices and engineered living cells are described, focusing on how hydrogels influence cell behaviors and how cells affect hydrogel properties. The interactions between engineered living hydrogels and their environments, and how these interactions enable versatile applications, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges facing the field of engineered living hydrogels for their applications in clinical and environmental settings are highlighted.
The convergence of engineering, biology, and materials science is providing unprecedented opportunities to integrate living microbes into hydrogel matrices. This integration constructs engineered living hydrogels with the capability of performing tasks associated with living microbes such as self‐replication, self‐adaption, and environmental responsiveness.
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23.
Self-Healing Materials Hager, Martin D.; Greil, Peter; Leyens, Christoph ...
Advanced materials (Weinheim),
December 14, 2010, Volume:
22, Issue:
47
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Self‐healing materials are able to partially or completely heal damage inflicted on them, e.g., crack formation; it is anticipated that the original functionality can be restored. This article covers ...the design and generic principles of self‐healing materials through a wide range of different material classes including metals, ceramics, concrete, and polymers. Recent key developments and future challenges in the field of self‐healing materials are summarised, and generic, fundamental material‐independent principles and mechanism are discussed and evaluated.
Self‐healing materials are able to partially or completely heal damage inflicted on them, e.g., crack formation; it is anticipated that the original functionality of self‐healed materials can be restored. This behavior can be applied across a wide range of different material classes including metals, ceramics, concrete, and polymers.
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Abstract Recently, an interest has developed in designing biomaterials for medical ultrasonics that can provide the acoustic activity of microbubbles, but with improved stability in vivo and a ...smaller size distribution for extravascular interrogation. One proposed alternative is the phase-change contrast agent. Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) consist of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) that are initially in liquid form, but can then be vaporized with acoustic energy. Crucial parameters for PCCAs include their sensitivity to acoustic energy, their size distribution, and their stability, and this manuscript provides insight into the custom design of PCCAs for balancing these parameters. Specifically, the relationship between size, thermal stability and sensitivity to ultrasound as a function of PFC boiling point and ambient temperature is illustrated. Emulsion stability and sensitivity can be ‘tuned’ by mixing PFCs in the gaseous state prior to condensation. Novel observations illustrate that stable droplets can be generated from PFCs with extremely low boiling points, such as octafluoropropane (b.p. −36.7 °C), which can be vaporized with acoustic parameters lower than previously observed. Results demonstrate the potential for low boiling point PFCs as a useful new class of compounds for activatable agents, which can be tailored to the desired application.
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This paper investigates the decomposition of three clayey structures (kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite) when thermally treated at 600
°C and 800
°C and the effect of this treatment on their ...pozzolanic activity in cementitious materials. Raw and calcined clay minerals were characterized by the XRF, XRD,
27Al NMR, DTG and BET techniques. Cement pastes and mortars were produced with a 30% substitution by calcined clay minerals. The pozzolanic activity and the degree of hydration of the clinker component were monitored on pastes using DTG and BSE-IA, respectively. Compressive strength and sorptivity properties were assessed on standard mortars. It was shown that kaolinite, due to the amount and location of OH groups in its structure, has a different decomposition process than illite or montmorillonite, which results in an important loss of crystallinity. This explains its enhanced pozzolanic activity compared to other calcined clay–cement blends.
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Housing is shaped by culturally-specific expectations about the kinds of architecture and furnishings that are appropriate; about how and where different activities should be carried out; and by and ...with whom. It is those expectations, and the wider social and cultural systems of which they are a part, that are explored in this volume. At the same time, the book as a whole argues two larger points: first, that while houses, households and families have in recent years become increasingly important as objects of inquiry in Greek and Roman contexts, their potential as sources of information about broader social-historical issues has yet to be fully realised; and second, that greater weight and independence should be given to material culture as a source for studying ancient history. The book will be invaluable for upper-level undergraduates, graduate students and scholars.
This review will present a comprehensive view of the field of stimuli-responsive healable materials. It will begin with an examination of the healing of polymeric materials, briefly discussing the ...conventional techniques for repair and maintenance of composite materials. It will continue with a detailed analysis of the various systems that have been proposed and investigated over the past two decades, with particular emphasis on work published in the past two years. These systems will be introduced according to the particular stimulus responsible for initiation of healing to occur, moving from mechanical damage to heat, electricity, electromagnetic field, ballistic impact, and light. This discussion will cover the work done in the early days of healable materials, and will include current trends and potential future directions.
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Epithelial organoids derived from human donor tissues are important tools in fields ranging from regenerative medicine to drug discovery. Organoid culture requires expansion of stem/progenitor cells ...in Matrigel, a tumor-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). An alternative completely synthetic ECM could improve reproducibility, clarify mechanistic phenomena, and enable human implantation of organoids. We designed synthetic ECMs with tunable biomolecular and biophysical properties to identify gel compositions supporting human tissue-derived stem/progenitor epithelial cells as enteroids and organoids starting with single cells rather than tissue fragments. The synthetic ECMs consist of 8-arm PEG-macromers modified with ECM-binding peptides and different combinations of integrin-binding peptides, crosslinked with peptides susceptible to matrix metalloprotease (MMP) degradation, and tuned to exhibit a range of biophysical properties. A gel containing an α2β1 integrin-binding peptide (GFOGER) and matrix binder peptides grafted to a 20 kDa 8-arm PEG macromer showed the most robust support of human duodenal and colon enteroids and endometrial organoids. In this synthetic ECM, human intestinal enteroids and endometrial organoids emerge from single cells and show cell-specific and apicobasal polarity markers upon differentiation. Intestinal enteroids, in addition, retain their proliferative capacity, are functionally responsive to basolateral stimulation, express canonical markers of intestinal crypt cells including Paneth cells, and can be serially passaged. The success of this synthetic ECM in supporting human postnatal organoid culture from multiple different donors and from both the intestine and endometrium suggests it may be broadly useful for other epithelial organoid culture.
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As a two-dimensional (2D) material, graphene shows excellent advantages in the field of gas sensors due to its inherent large specific surface area and unique electrical properties. However, in the ...practical application of gas detection, graphene sheet is easy to form irreversible agglomeration and has some limitations such as low sensitivity, long response time and slow recovery speed, which greatly reduce its gas sensing performance. As a gas sensing material, three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene has been extensively studied in recent years owing to its larger specific surface area and stable structure. In order to synthesize graphene with different three-dimensional structures, many methods have been developed. Herein, the synthesis and assembly of three-dimensional graphene and its composites were reviewed, with emphasis on the application of three-dimensional graphene and its composites in the field of gas sensors. The challenges and development prospects of three-dimensional graphene materials in the application of gas sensors were briefly described.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
An effective approach to significantly increase the electrical conductivity of a NiOx hole‐transporting layer (HTL) to achieve high‐efficiency planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells is ...demonstrated. Perovskite solar cells based on using Cu‐doped NiOx HTL show a remarkably improved power conversion efficiency up to 15.40% due to the improved electrical conductivity and enhanced perovskite film quality. General applicability of Cu‐doped NiOx to larger bandgap perovskites is also demonstrated in this study.
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