Manipulacija jezikom u političke svrhe Rebernik, Dejana
Media, culture and public relations (Online),
03/2023, Volume:
13, Issue:
1-2
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
U ovom članku istražujem poveznice između političke moći i jezika. U politici jezik ima posebnu ulogu - može postati instrument politike. Manipulacijom jezikom i diskursom moguće je manipulirati ...političkim stavovima građana i tako ostvariti političke ciljeve. Nacionalsocijalisti su to proveli u djelo u Njemačkoj prije i tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Na osnovu analize nacionalsocijalističke propagande u Njemačkoj prije i za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata u ovom se članku izvode zaključci u pogledu manipulacije jezikom u političke svrhe.
This article explores the connection between language and political power. Language is attributed a special role in politics: it may become its instrument. Manipulation with language and discourse enables manipulation with citizens' political attitudes, making it possible for politicians to fulfil their political goals. The National Socialists made use of such manipulation in Germany in the period before and during the World War II. This article analyses the elements of propaganda used by the National Socialists in Germany in the period before and during the World War II and presents conclusions on the manipulative potential of language.
Zahvaljujući procesu globalizacije, razvojem tehnologija dolazi do razvoja medija koji imaju važnu ulogu u oblikovanju čovjekova života i društva općenito. Medijima se često pripisuje moć oblikovanja ...pojedinčeve svakodnevnice, a posebno svakodnevice mladih, kao društvene skupine koja odrasta i razvija se u digitalnom dobu. Ipak, u sociološkoj teoriji ne postoji usuglašenost oko učinaka koje mediji proizvode, kao ni metodološka usuglašenost u konceptualizaciji i operacionalizaciji istraživanja povjerenja u medije. Zbog toga je u istraživanju korišten mješoviti pristup te metode ankete i intervjua kako bi se dobili što bolji podaci o problemu istraživanja. Napravljena je analiza podataka iz zadnjega vala anketnoga istraživanja Europske studije vrijednosti (2017. godine). Europska studija vrijednosti je međunarodni znanstveni projekt, u koji je uključeno i Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište. Uzorak su bili mladi od 18 do 35 godine iz 34 europske zemlje (n=16772), uključujući i Hrvatsku (n=455). U intervjuima je sudjelovalo 10 sudionika iste dobne skupine iz Zagreba i Zlatara. Rezultati pokazuju da mladi u Hrvatskoj imaju više povjerenja u društvene mreže, a manje povjerenja u tisak nego njihovi vršnjaci iz europskih zemalja te da ne postoji povezanost povjerenja u tisak i društvene mreže s veličinom grada iz kojega dolaze ispitanici. Rezultati kvalitativnoga istraživanja su pokazali da je zbog lake dostupnosti, aktualnosti, multimedijalnosti i mogućnosti arhiviranja sadržaja, internet medij koji mladi najčešće koriste. Oni na njemu i prate i konzumiraju uglavnom zabavne sadržaje te više slušaju i gledaju nego što čitaju. Sudionici u vrste medija i medijske sadržaje upisuju različita značenja vezana uz povjerenje (sažetost, potpis autora, reference, provjerljivost informacija i dr.) i nepovjerenje (senzacionalizam, lažne vijesti, dezinformacije, jednostranost i dr.), stoga se u našem istraživanju djelomično potvrđuje teorija o racionalnosti publika. Naime, sudionici ne sudjeluju javno u raspravama i komentarima, a vijesti i komentare na sadržaje dijele samo s bliskim osobama te pokazuju pasivnost prema proglašivačkoj i tekstualnoj formi zbog odbojnosti prema virtualnom nasilju. S obzirom na to da im mediji služe uglavnom za zabavu, oni ih koriste i kada nemaju povjerenje u njih.
According to the process of globalisation, the development of technologies leads to the development of media that play an important role in shaping human life and so-ciety in general. The media are often credited with the power to shape an individual’s everyday life, and especially the everyday life of young people, as a social group that grows and develops in the digital age. However, in sociological theory, there is no consensus on the effects that the media produce, as well as methodological con-sensus in the conceptualization and operationalization of confidence in the media. Therefore, we used a mixed approach: survey and interview method to obtain thebest possible data on the research problem. We made an analysis of data from the 2017 European Values Study survey. The European Values Study is an international scientific project, in which the Catholic University of Croatia is involved. The sample were young people from 18 to 35 years of age from 34 European countries (n=16772), including Croatia (n=455). In the qualitative part of the research, we interviewed 10 participants of the same age group from Zagreb and Zlatar. The results show that young people in Croatia have more confidence in social networks, and lack of confidence in the press than their peers from European countries, and there is no connection between confidence in the press and social networks with the size of the city/town from which the respondents come. Due to the easy accessibility, actuality, multimedia and the possibility of archiving content, the Internet is the medium most used by participants of qualitative research. They consume mostly entertaining content and listen and watch more than they read. Participants enter different meanings in media types and media content related to confidence (brevity, author’s signature, references, verifiability of information, etc.) and lack of confidence (sensationalism, fake news, disinformation, one-sided reporting, etc.), so our research confirms partly the theory of audience rationality. However, participants do not publicly participate in discussions and comments, and they share news and comments on content only with close people. They don’t show enunciative productivity and textual productivity due to their aversion to virtual violence. Since the media is mostly for entertainment, they use it even when they don’t trust them.
Stupanj demokratičnosti jednog društva može se procijeniti na različite načine, a jedan je od njih analiza načina funkcioniranja medijskog sustava, zakonskih okvira, načina formiranja i principa ...djelovanja tijela i institucija kojima je povjerena uloga regulatora u području medija. Opisujući medijski pejsaž Srbije s posebnim naglaskom na medijske zakone i način izbora članova regulatornih tijela za medije u razdoblju 2000. – 2021., rad problematizira pitanja regulacije i deregulacije kao sredstava za uređenje medijske sfere, odnosno pokušava utvrditi jesu li samoregulacija i koregulacija najdemokratičniji modeli uređenja medijske prakse. Političke promjene koje su se dogodile 2000. godine u Srbiji utjecale su na unaprjeđenje medijske produkcije i prakse, počevši od usvajanja novih zakonskih akata, u prvom redu Zakona o radiodifuziji (2002). Taj zakon postavio je inovativan, proeuropski i demokratski okvir uređenja medijske sfere predvidjevši izbor nezavisnoga regulatornog tijela, Saveta republičke radiodifuzne agencije, koje je imalo vrlo velike ovlasti na području uređenja medijske sfere. Posebno je bitna činjenica da su većinski predlagači članova ovog tijela bili predstavnici civilnog sektora. Nakon 2012. godine, u Srbiji dolazi do jačanja autoritarnih političkih elita i populističkih trendova čime jačaju politički i ekonomski pritisci na medije, koji se smatraju protivnicima ili opozicijom. Novim setom medijskih zakona koji su usvojeni 2014., uključujući i Zakon o elektronskim medijima, uređenje medijske sfere povjereno je Regulatornom telu za elektronske medije (REM) i njegovom Savetu. Novo tijelo nije unaprijedilo područje medija, već je došlo do suprotnog. Neovisnost regulatornog tijela bila je više formalna nego neophodna, simulirano je poštovanje demokratskih principa i pritisci na izbor članova postali su sve češći. Također, ovo tijelo radilo je u necjelovitom sastavu, a marginaliziran je udio civilnog sektora u izboru članova. Iz spomenutih razloga možemo zaključiti kako je Srbija u posljednjih sedam godina značajno regresirala u pogledu uređenja područja elektroničkih medija i nezavisnosti regulatornih tijela. Premda su zakonska rješenja korektno izvedena, njihova je primjena obilježena nedosljednošću i simulacijom. Ovaj trend dovodi do lošeg položaja medija, ugroženosti nezavisnih regulatornih tijela i generalno ljudskih prava i sloboda, što je utvrđeno i u brojnim izvještajima međunarodnih institucija.
The degree in which a society has been democratised can be evaluated in different ways. One of the approaches is based around the analysis of the ways media system operates, legal framework, manner of establishing and principles behind the operation of bodies and institutions entrusted with the role of regulators in the field of media. Describing the media landscape in Serbia, with special emphasis on media laws and the manner of electing members of media regulatory bodies in the period between 2000 and 2021, the paper problematises the issue of regulation and deregulation as a mean of managing the media sphere. Moreover, the paper tends to determine whether selfegulation and co-regulation are the most democratic models of regulating media practice. Political changes in Serbia in 2000 affected the improvement of media production and practice, which began with the adoption of new legislation, primarily the Law on Broadcasting (2002). This law set an innovative, pro-European and democratic framework for media regulation as well as the constitution of an independent regulatory body - the Council of the Republic Broadcasting Agency, which had large jurisdiction in the field of media regulation. It is particularly important to state that representatives of the civil sector were the majority that nominated the members of this body. After 2012, authoritarian political elites and populist trends flourished in Serbia, increasing political and economic pressure on the media, which were seen as opponents or opposition. With the new set of media laws adopted in 2014, including the Law on Electronic Media, the regulation of media sphere has been entrusted to the Regulatory Body for Electronic Media (REM) and its Council. The newly established body did not improve the media sphere, but instead quite the opposite happened. Regulatory body had moreformal than essential independence, respect for democratic principles was simulated and pressures on the election of members became more frequent. This body worked in an incomplete composition, and the share of the civil sector in the election of members was marginalised. For the above-mentioned reasons, we can conclude that in the last seven years Serbia has significantly regressed in terms of regulating the field of electronic media and the independence of regulatory bodies. Although the legal solutions were executed satisfactorily, their application was marked by inconsistency and simulation. This trend leads to the poor position of the media, and represents a threat to independence of regulatory bodies and human rights and freedoms in general, which is stated in numerous reports of international institutions.
Svako novo komunikacijsko sredstvo oblikuje novu komunikacijskuparadigmu zbog čega Katolička Crkva otvoreno, ali s oprezom,prihvaća svako „čudesno iznašašće tehnike” i iskorištavanjegovu snagu i ...potencijale kako bi vršila, jačala i unaprjeđivalasvoje apostolsko djelovanje. Danas, u vrijeme epidemije koronavirusaona je mnoga obavijesna sredstva pretvorila u „suvremenepropovjedaonice”. Ovaj rad donosi rezultate istraživanja i odgovorna pitanje kako su reagirale pojedine župe u Splitsko-makarskojnadbiskupiji u vrijeme mjere lockdowna, odnosno jesu li župniciotvorili crkvu u virtualnom prostoru. Osim toga, pregledom odabranihpovijesnih dokumenata i kratkom analizom pokušalo se pokazatida su oni svakako imali dobro uporište i razlog da se otvorenovim komunikacijskim tehnologijama u vrijeme epidemije. Naime,brojni crkveni dokumenti, oni koji datiraju od II. vatikanskog koncilapa do najnovije poruke pape Franje povodom Svjetskog danadruštvenih komunikacija, zaređene osobe i vjernike laike medijskisu opismenjivali i kontinuirano poticali da iskoriste to „divnooruđe” za novo iskustvo zajedništva, dijeljenja, slavlja i evangelizacije.Za istraživanje su korištene metode analize sadržaja i komparacije.Podatci su preuzeti iz Tiskovnog ureda Splitsko-makarskenadbiskupije te s internetskih stranica i društvenih mreža svakeod župa Nadbiskupije. Potom su sumirani i analizirani te se komparacijskommetodom došlo do traženih rezultata.
A new means of communication shapes a new communicationparadigm, which is why the Catholic Church openly, butwith caution, accepts every “miraculous invention of technology”and uses its strength and potential to carry out, build up andimprove its apostolic work. Today, at the time of the coronavirusepidemic, many media have been turned into “modern pulpits.”This paper presents the results of the research and the answer tothe question of how some parishes in the Split-Makarska Archdiocesereacted during the lockdown, i.e. whether the parishpriests opened the church in a virtual space. Furthermore, anoverview of selected historical documents and a brief analysistries to show that they certainly had a good foothold and a reasonto open up to new communication technologies at the timeof the epidemic. Namely, numerous church documents, thosedating from the Second Vatican Council until the latest messageof Pope Francis on the occasion of the World Day of Social Communications,have continuously encouraged the ordained personsand lay faithful to become literate in the media and to usethis “wonderful tool” for a new experience of communion, sharing,celebration and evangelization. Content analysis and methodsof comparison were used for this research. The data weretaken from the Press Office of the Split-Makarska Archdioceseand from the websites and social networks of each of the parishesof the Archdiocese. These data were then summarized andanalysed, and the required results were obtained by the methodof comparison.
U doba kada internet još nije postojao, 60 - tih godina prošloga stoljeća, Marshall McLuhan iznosi poznatu sintagmu „svijet je globalno selo“, a nove su komunikacijske i medijske tehnologije trebale ...putem međuovisnosti transformirati svijet u međuplanetarno selo. Međutim, McLuhan možda nije niti slutio da će ubrzani tehnološki napredak omogućiti komunikaciju bez „fizičkog posrednika - čimbenika“, te da će utilitarna i instrumentalna dimenzija komunikacije prepustiti mjesto kulturno - društvenoj dominaciji i manipulaciji. U numeričko doba, i Foucaultov pojam „bio - politike“ kao sustava potpunog nadzora i reguliranja tijela i života pomoću znanosti, tehnologije, na prvi pogled glasi kao povijesno konzumirani pojam koji pripada prošlosti moderne, bio - političkim i represivnim društvima. Numerička kontrola danas se temelji na dubokom porivu individualnog i narcističkog egzibicionizma unutar novog društva izloženosti.
Kompetencije nastavnika za medijsko obrazovanje Maksimović, Jelena; Osmanović Zajić, Jelena; Milišić Jadrić, Antonija
In medias res,
09/2020, Volume:
9, Issue:
17
Journal Article, Web Resource
Peer reviewed
Open access
In the modern age, competencies for media education have become an integral feature of a successful teacher. Nevertheless, the topic of media literacy of teachers in our area has not yet been ...thoroughly researched. For this reason, the aim of the research was to examine media literacy and teacher competencies for media education. The research used a five - level scale of assessment of Teacher Competence for Media Education (KNMO) consisting of 31 items. The first segment of the assessment scale referred to the examination of teachers’ competencies for the use of media, the second segment referred to the purpose of using the media and the third to the readiness of teachers to improve their own competencies for media education. The research involved 152 teachers (in the area of Nis, Dimitrovgrad, Zajecar, Merošina and Oblačina) whose attitudes were analyzed in relation to the subject area (natural / technical and social sciences), age, (up to 35 and more than 35) , years of work experience (up to 10; from 10 to 20 and more than 20) and professional training in the field of media education. The results of the research showed that 75% of the respondents consider themselves a media - competent person and that teachers most positively assess their own competencies for the use of e - mail, Word, internet sites; computers; media devices such as camera, camcorder, radio and television and Power point presentation. Teachers expressed a lower level of confidence in their own competencies for the use of media resources when it came to the use of Excel and social networks such as Facebook and Instagram. The results of the research also showed that teachers in our area most often face difficulties in the tendency to create a blog about their own educational work and the application of educational software in working with students. When it comes to the purpose of use, the results of the research showed that teachers most often use media in order to find teaching materials and prepare activities to be implemented in working with students, and least often to communicate with parents of students. The results of the research show that on the one hand the respondents believe that more attention should be paid to media education of teachers, and on the other hand they do not follow the news in the field of information and communication technologies, they do not frequently get acquainted with internet sites useful for media literacy, they rarely follow blogs created by other teachers for the purpose of media education or read professional literature that can contribute to their competence to apply the media in teaching. Also, the results of the research show that teachers believe that the exchange of experiences with colleagues contributes the most to the development of competencies for the application of media technologies. When it comes to the independent variable - subject area, the results show that teachers of natural / technical sciences assess their own media competencies more positively and that they follow the news in the field of information and communication technologies more often than teachers of social sciences and humanities. Also, the research shows a tendency that with the increase in the years of work experience of teachers, the degree of positive assessment of one’s own competencies for the use of media resources and the degree of readiness for acquiring media education decreases. When it comes to the independent variable related to professional development in the field of media education, the results of the research showed that teachers who have been professionally trained in the field of media application assess their own media competencies more positively and show a higher degree of readiness for further professional development in relation to teachers who have not been educated in the media through seminars, workshops and courses.
Odnos svjetovnih nacionalnih tiskanih medija prema Katoličkoj Crkvi u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 1943. do 1990. godine je različit. Kako je u to vrijeme Hrvatska bila u sastavu komunističke ...Jugoslavije, na čelu s Josipom Brozom Titom koji je u državi uspostavio komunistički režim, medije je kontrolirala vlast. Osim medija Tito je i Crkvu želio staviti pod državnu upravu. Tadašnji zagrebački nadbiskupu Alojzije Stepinac posebno se tome suprotstavljao i gorljivo je branio odvajanje Crkve od njezine matice, Vatikana, po cijenu gubitka vlastite slobode. Stanovito olakšanje i slobodnije djelovanje klerici i vjerski tisak osjetili su 1966. godine, kada je SFR Jugoslavija potpisala sporazum sa Svetom Stolicom. Izborom Franje Kuharića za zagrebačkog nadbiskupa 1970. godine Crkva ponovno odgovara vlastima i medijima na njihove provokacije. Raspadom SFRJ mijenja se i stav nove hrvatske vlasti prema Katoličkoj Crkvi i kleru. Republika Hrvatska, samostalna i slobodna, donosi svoj prvi Ustav, čime radikalno mijenja svoj odnos prema katoličkom tisku i prisutnosti vjerske tematike u medijima.
From 1943 to 1990 the attitude of secular, national and print media towards the Catholic Church in Croatia was diverse. During that period Croatia was a part of communist Yugoslavia, which was led by Josip Broz Tito who had established the communist regime. The media was controlled by the government. Tito wanted the Church to be under the government administration as well, which former archbishop Stepinac did not approve of and was strongly against the separation from Vatican. In 1966 there was a brief relief and possibility for freer action for clergy and religious media after the SFRY and Vatican signed a treaty. After Franjo Kuharić was elected as the new archbishop of Zagreb in 1970, the Church once more started fighting back to the authorities and the media. When SFRY disintegrated, the attitude of the new Croatian government towards Catholic Church and clergy altered. The Republic of Croatia, now free and independent, adopts its first Constitution thus radically changing their relationship towards the Catholic media and overall religious matter in the media.
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Tema rada je tretman političkoga tjednika Danas Predsjedništva Centralnoga komiteta Saveza komunista Hrvatske u prvoj godini njegova izlaženja, tijekom 1982. i 1983. Danas je počeo izlaziti u drugoj ...polovini veljače 1982., a već pola godine poslije postao je krupan politički problem. Tjednik se pojavio u razdoblju opće krize, s kritičkim, na trenutke i provokativnim pristupom izazvao je okoštalu i ostarjelu partijsku elitu odlučnu da brani svoj nedodirljivi položaj. U vrlo kratkom vremenu ustalio se na nakladi od oko 120.000 prodanih primjeraka, što svjedoči o njegovoj privlačnosti širokoj čitalačkoj populaciji, a s druge strane i utjecaju, što je zapravo zabrinjavalo partijski vrh. Pojavom Danasa počelo je nastajati kritičko javno mnijenje u socijalističkoj Hrvatskoj, što je dotad u većoj mjeri bila značajka Slovenije i Srbije. U obračun s tjednikom partijski vrh krenuo je u ljeto 1982. i privremeno ga je primirio početkom sljedeće godine. To je učinjeno smjenom glavnoga i odgovornoga urednika te dovođenjem novoga s mlađim pomoćnicima koji su bili na službenoj partijskoj liniji. Rezultat promjena bio je i drastičan pad naklade, što je tjednik doslovno svelo na životarenje i marginalan utjecaj.
The subject of this paper is the way the weekly Danas was treated by the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia in the first year of its publication, during 1982 and 1983. Danas started being published in the second half of February 1982 and half a year later the periodical turned into a huge political issue. The newspaper appeared at a time of a general crisis; with its critical approach, at times even provocative, it frustrated the hardened and obsolete party elite which was determined to defend its hitherto inviolable position. Within a short period of time, the weekly attained a circulation of 120,000 copies, which testifies to its wide appeal as well as to its influence, which in fact distressed the party leadership. With the appearance of Danas, a critical public opinion started to come into being. The party leadership started to deal with the weekly in the summer of 1982 and temporarily discontinued it at the beginning of the following year. This was done by the replacement of the editor-in-chief with a new one, along with young associates who were willing to toe the party line. The result of the changes was a drop in circulation, which literally reduced the weekly to eking out an existence and having only marginal influence. The penalization of Danas was in fact an example of shutting down any public opinion unacceptable to the party leadership, through the principle of democratic centralism and its concrete implementation in practice. It was actually a conflict within the party in which lower-ranking communists lost out.
Digitalizacija i razvoj alata umjetne inteligencije (AI) doveli su dorevolucije u brojnim sferama, a posebice u komunikaciji. I dok sumedijske sadržaje prije isključivo stvarali pojedinci, danas ...postojerazličiti jezični, slikovni, glasovni i videoalati koji s lakoćom formirajusadržaj spreman za distribuciju i konzumaciju. AI, kao takav, već sadaznatno transformira medije i komunikaciju, a razvojem tehnologijedoći će i do novih promjena u stvaranju medijskog sadržaja. Iako jetema umjetne inteligencije sve više u središtu znanstvenih istraživanja,utvrđen je nedostatak literature na hrvatskom jeziku koja sažima glavneodrednice o ulozi umjetne inteligencije u stvaranju medijskog sadržaja.Ovaj rad stoga na hrvatskom jeziku donosi pregled stanja u područjute nudi perspektive za buduću implementaciju umjetne inteligencije ukontekstu kreiranja sadržaja i komuniciranja na društvenim medijima.
Digitization and the development of artificial intelligence tools haverevolutionized numerous spheres, particularly in communication.While media content was previously exclusively created by individuals,today there are various linguistic, visual, voice, and video tools thateffortlessly generate content ready for distribution and consumption.AI, as such, is already significantly transforming media andcommunication, and with the advancement of technology, furtherchanges in media content creation will arise. Although the topic ofartificial intelligence is increasingly the focus of scientific research, thereis a lack of literature in Croatian that summarizes the main aspects ofthe role of artificial intelligence in media content creation. This paper,therefore, provides an overview of the field and offers perspectives forfuture implementation of artificial intelligence in the context of contentcreation and communication on social media.
Seksting, definiran kao razmijena seksualno eksplicitnog sadržaja elektroničkim medijima među adolescentima i mladim osobama, aktualna je tema šire javnosti. U ovom je radu predložen teorijski model ...koji objašnjava motivacijske odrednice sekstinga. Autori su na temelju pregleda do sada provedih istraživanja prikazali kako se više empirijski potvrđenih motivacijskih čimbenika može integrirati u predloženi model. Konkretno, analizom su empirijskih istraživanja autori postavili set individualnih i kontekstualnih karakteristika koje objašnjavanju ponašanje kakvo upućuje na seksting. Predložen je sistematski pregled motivacijskih determinanti relevantnih za razumijevanje sekstinga ismjernice za buduća istraživanja u ovom području. Namjera je ovog modela organizacija rezultata do sada provednih istraživanja u teorijski prihvatljiv pristup s ciljem daljnjeg proučavanja sekstinga te poticanje istraživača na dodatni razvoj modela i njegovu primjenu u budućim istraživanjima.
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