In Bosnia and Herzegovina, memories of the 1990s war remain hugely divided on political and institutional levels, constituting what we may think of as a mnemonic war. Interview-based qualitative ...research shows that people in Bosnia on the individual level tend to follow the dominant narrative of their own group, yet, when challenged on these viewpoints, may also admit that other narratives and different truths may exist. Indeed, this research seems to propose the existence of a memorial grey zone where more open understanding and recognition of other positions is possible. Thus, while memory politics and memory institutionalization are rigidly opposed, other types of memory mediation may challenge the ethnic divisions of the memory landscape, opening up a memorial grey zone. In this article, we study the individual reception of literary works written by Bosnian émigré writers, asking how readers interact with established yet fluid memory discourses in Bosnia. Using focus groups as an interviewing method, we explore how the texts are perceived and discussed by lay readers in the two political entities, the Bosniak–Croat Federation and Republika Srpska. We are particularly interested in how readers make sense of the memory accounts in the texts, and how this relates to personal experiences and official memory narratives within each of the two entities. We argue that the reading and discussions of literary war memories allow for complex negotiations between personal and official ‘group’ narratives, opening a memorial grey zone that transcends the sharp divisions dominating memory politics in Bosnia and creates space for alternative memory positions.
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The article reflects on the meanings of silence which was encountered in the ethnographic research of memories on the Istrian exodus and a WWII national "hero" in the Primorska (littoral) region of ...Slovenia. Different kinds of silence are discussed, from the one deriving from the conflict of memories and power relations, violence and fear, to Freudian ideas of repression and trauma, denial and others. From the methodological point of view the question is raised of how to detect silence when filled with words or embodied. A reflection is made on the impact of research on the silenced communities.
While the tourism industry is oriented towards creating attractive images of destinations, histories of violence and suffering have increasingly been incorporated into tourism offers and are often ...actively promoted by states and tourism organisations. A growing body of scholarship has focused on how difficult pasts have been represented and have analysed the driving factors behind the rise of such heritage. Commercial tourism offers such as guided city tours have however largely been overlooked as arenas for communicating difficult pasts. This article provides an in-depth examination of memory work of commercial guides, focusing on the example of Russian-language tour guiding in Ukraine's capital Kyiv. Drawing on participant observations of 20 guided city tours and interviews with 18 tour guides, the article identifies a wide range of narrative strategies that guides adopt to navigate pasts that have been subject to memory conflicts. During tours, guides adjust how much they say, what evidence they provide, what aspects of the past they present as relevant as well as their manner of speaking. These conflict avoidance strategies are part of a pragmatic approach to memory that deserves greater attention in the study of difficult pasts.
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La « Route de l’esclave » de Ouidah est un lieu de mémoire de la traite atlantique très visité. Afin de répondre à la demande d’un public en quête d’informations, des habitants se proposent de ...commenter les visites, créant progressivement un « corps de guides » informel, puis réglementé par la municipalité en 2007. Cet article interroge la manière dont certains guides usent de « stratégies narratives » pour détourner un récit officiel et introduire des mémoires particulières.
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This article investigates whether and how public amnesia of violent incidents such as mass drownings or mass killings impacts ongoing conflict dynamics. Specifically, the article compares ...and contrasts two forms of public amnesia in the relatively little-studied space of the rectified site – a site of violence returned to prior use without monumentation or commemoration. Looking at the unmarked sites of violence in East Africa’s confrontation with Al-Shabaab, such as the Westgate Mall, and the Mediterranean crossings within the system of migration deterrence, the article asks: How do rectification practices and associated public production of silence feed into conflict dynamics and conflict transformation? The article shows that while public amnesia tends to entrench the confrontation, recognition through commemoration needs to be calibrated carefully in order to avoid further conflict escalation. Epistemic redress must precede physical and symbolic memory work in rectified sites of violence. By tackling the puzzle of (non)commemoration and active forgetting of violence in contexts of ongoing confrontation, the article decentres dominant transitional justice concerns over memory from the present to the absent, and from the space of the ‘post’ to the lingering ‘in-between’ of conflict that defines many contemporary violent confrontations.
In the article, I will present the history of the destruction of Orthodox churches in the Chelm region and southern Podlasie in Poland in 1938. This incident is an important element in the process of ...symbolizing the existence of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which is why the memory of trauma is a feature of the memory of Orthodox people. This incident does not actually exist in the public discourse, it is unknown, and what is more, it does not fit the common Polish perception of the Second Polish Republic. The trauma of this incident in the Orthodox community is part of the post-memory discourse, which means that the next generations also experience trauma.
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Irregular memory access pattern in non-stencil kernel computing renders the well-known hyperplane- 1, lattice- 2, or tessellation-based 3 HLS techniques ineffective. We develop an elegant yet ...effective technique that synthesizes memory-optimal architecture from high level software code in order to maximize application-specific data parallelism. Our basic idea is to exploit graph structures embedded in data access pattern and computation structure in order to perform the memory banking that maximizes parallel memory accesses while conserving both hardware and energy consumption. Specifically, we priority color a weighted conflict graph generated from folding the fundamental conflict graph to maximize memory conflict reduction. Most interestingly, our graph-based methodology enables a straightforward tradeoff between the number of memory banks and minimizing memory conflicts.
We empirically test our methodology with Vivado HLx 2015.4 on a standard Kintex-7 device for six benchmark computing kernels by measuring conflict reduction. In particular, our approach only require 9.56% LUT, 3.2% FF, 2.5% BRAM, and 11.33% DSP of the total available hardware resource to obtain a mapping function that achieves a 90% conflict reduction on a modified forward Gaussian elimination Kernel with 4 simultaneous memory accesses.
The aim in this thesis is to show how the Basque-culture identity struggles are reflected within the Basque literature and how their actions, behaviour, traditions, culture, memory, language, ...etcetera, define them as a community or minority. In order to show the reflection of the law in five chosen novels written in Basque, firstly I will try to explain the link between law and literature, and afterwards, a double analytical construction will take place: on the first hand, a descriptive and historical explanation to provide the audience with the meaning of the three basic concepts which constitute the Basque culture -identity, conflict and memory-, and with a socio-historical context; on the second hand, this analysis will be based on the content analysis of the five novels that have been chosen, and contextualized or in relation to the period that goes from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the post-war and nowadays, with special insistences in the decade of the 1980s and 1990s.
El objetivo de esta tesis es mostrar cómo los conflictos identitarios de la cultura vasca se reflejan en la literatura, y cómo sus acciones, comportamiento, tradiciones, cultura, memoria, lengua, etc., lo definen como comunidad o minoría. Para mostrar la manera en que se refleja lo jurídico en cinco novelas seleccionadas escritas en lengua vasca, primero intentaré explicar la relación entre derecho y literatura, y después, llevaré a cabo una doble construcción analítica: de un lado, una explicación descriptiva e histórica, para proporcionar tanto un significado de los tres conceptos básicos que constituyen la cultura vasca -identidad, conflicto y memoria- como un contexto sociohistórico; y, por otro lado, este análisis se basa en el análisis de contenido de las cinco novelas seleccionadas y contextualizadas en, o en relación con el período entre la Guerra civil (1936-1939) y posguerra, y la actualidad, con especial insistencia en la década de los 80 y los 90.
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The application of user-defined model in PSCAD/EMTDC provides a solving approach to establish accurate and detailed relay protection models. In this paper, the realization approaches of user-defined ...model, the operating efficiency of three developing languages and the difference between user-defined model and Module are compared and analyzed. Matlab-based realization mode is recommended as an intermediate one with which new protection algorithms can be studied and evaluated, after an approach is selected, models should be written by Fortran or C language in order to increase the operating efficiency. Memory transfer conflict of user-defined model due to the use of static variable of C language is revealed, and it gives the solution which adopts the common arrays to manage the memory. Based on an actual HVDC transmission traveling wave protection system, a detailed simulation model adopting the user-defined modeling technique is established and simulation result proves the feasibility and validity of the propo
This research aims to understand how the narratives about the Second World War in Moldova are deployed in the political agendas and how these narratives perform in the broader social and political ...context of Moldova. To explore, understand, and analyze how history and memory are harnessed in the processes of establishing legitimacy for political agendas in Moldova, the research focuses on the dynamics of contestations between historical narratives through the commemorations of Victory Day, the end of the Second World War. The research question is: how are memories and interpretations of World War II are used to advance the political agendas of different political groups, and how do these narratives circulate and perform to produce a particular story of Moldova? Drawing on qualitative methods such as participant observations, interviews, textual analysis, and narrative analysis, this project reveals that commemorations of Victory Day are seen as sites of contestation through which political elites seek legitimation of their visions of identity and statehood. The master narrative that emerges from this study is about competing identities and their corresponding historical ‘truth’ that is implicated in justifying certain futures for the Moldovan nation. Attention to politics and narrative dynamics in the study of memory in Moldova reveals how the master narrative of ‘competing identities’ in Moldova constructs and limits the ways memory, identity, and nation are interpreted and discussed. The contradiction between the simplified dominant narrative about memory and the complexity of the experiences of the war in Moldova that emerges in the study highlights the need for critical engagement with the notions of collective memory and collective identities in the conflict resolution field.
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