To identify the causative factors responsible for mental handicap. Institutional based cross sectional study was carried out in 165 mentally Challenged students of Nandanwan School Nagpur from March ...2004 -May 2005. Causative factors were identified on the basis of history obtained from mothers, detailed examination of children and hospital and medical documents. Out of the 165 children Down's syndrome was causative factors in 21(12.73%), prematurity in 20(12.12%), febrile convulsions in 18(10.91%), seizures in 15(909%), Birth asphyxia in 14(8.48%), familial in 12(7.27%) cases. In 34 (20.61%) cases causer was not known. Only prenatal causes were responsible in 39(23.64%), only perinatal in 30(18.18%), and only postnatal 36(21.82%) cases. Rest causes were in combinations. The Common causative factors for mental handicap were Down's syndrome, prematurity, seizures, febrile convulsions during early developmental period. In addition, maternal age above 30 years was found to be a strong risk factor for Down's syndrome.
Spontaneous shifts of attention were observed in autistic, typically
developing, and
nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Three types of attention shifting
behaviour
were observed; (1) ...between an object and another object, (2) between an
object and a person,
and (3) between a person and another person. The two control groups shifted
attention more
frequently between an object and a person than between an object and another
object or
between a person and another person. The infants with autism showed a different
pattern,
shifting attention between an object and another object more than any other
type of shift.
Furthermore, infants with autism showed fewer shifts of attention between
an object and a
person, and between person and person, than did the two control groups.
They also spent
less time overall looking at people and looked more briefly at people and
for longer durations
at objects, compared to the two control groups. These results indicate
an abnormality in
social orientation in autism even at the early age of 20 months.
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Las personas con discapacidad intelectual son uno de los grupos sociales más desfavorecidos en los países europeos. Este estudio recoge y describe las principales líneas de apoyo al alumnado con ...discapacidad intelectual en Europa a través de una descripción de los tres países representativos (Finlandia, Francia y Alemania). Con el fin de hacer comparaciones entre los diferentes países, se identificaron varios elementos clave: evaluación de diagnóstico y elección del tipo de centro, tipos de escolarización, medidas de apoyo específico profesorado, evaluación y certificación. Finalmente, se concluye con una breve reflexión sobre el impacto de los diferentes tipos de apoyo en Europa, abordando las políticas específicas relacionadas con la atención educativa de los alumnos con discapacidad intelectual.People with intellectual disabilities represent one of the most disadvantaged social groups in European countries. This study gathers and describes the main lines of support for students with intellectual disability in Europe. This study presents descriptions of three representative countries, highlighting descriptions in three representative countries (Finland, France and Germany). Also, it provides an overview of educative attention for students with intellectual disability, briefly highlighting arrangements in different countries. In order to make comparisons across the states, several key elements were identified: diagnostic assessment, choice of school, specific support measures, teachers, pupil assessment and certification. Finally this is followed by a short conclusion on the impact of different kinds of support around Europe, addressing specific policies relating to educative attention for students with intellectual disability.
The quality of life of families that have a son or daughter with a disability has been an area overlooked by quality of life researchers until recently. The purpose of this study was to gather ...preliminary data on family quality of life and to report the findings of one part of an international study. The parents of 34 children and adults with intellectual disabilities were interviewed using the Family Quality of Life Survey, a measurement and assessment tool developed by a team of international researchers. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected for four concepts—opportunities available, initiative to access opportunities, attainment, and satisfaction—for each of the 9 key areas of family quality of life. In general, careers, spiritual and cultural beliefs, and family relationships were rated highly, while support from others and support from disability related services were rated quite low. Results provide a baseline for further research into the needs of these families, which is imperative for developing public policies and approaches to family-centered supports.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Epidemiological studies indicate that there is a high rate of mental retardation and behavioural problems in children with epilepsy. In some cases both the epilepsy and the mental retardation will ...have a common cause, such as a metabolic disorder or brain trauma. However, in other children, the epilepsy itself may cause either temporary or permanent learning problems. When permanent learning disability can be prevented it is important to treat the epilepsy early and effectively. Children with specific learning difficulties and memory problems can benefit greatly from appropriate management. There are many causes of behavioural disturbance in children with epilepsy. These causes include the epilepsy itself, treatment of the epilepsy, reactions to the epilepsy, associated brain damage/dysfunction and causes that are equally applicable to children who do not have epilepsy. Identifying the cause or causes in each child allows rational management to be provided. Antiepileptic treatment with medication or surgery can either improve the situation or make matters worse. The treatment should be tailored to the needs of the individual child. If surgery is required, there is a strong argument for performing this early in life, both to allow the greatest opportunity for brain plasticity and also to allow the child full benefit from the important developmental and educational years, without the problems that can be associated with the epilepsy. Skilled management of children with epilepsy who have mental retardation and/or behavioural problems can be very rewarding both for the family and for the professionals involved.
We asked whether children with autism are specifically impaired on tests of working memory. Experiment 1 showed that children with autism were at least as likely as normal children to employ ...articulatory rehearsal (criterion: evincing the "word length effect") and that they had superior spans to that of children with moderate learning difficulties. In Experiment 2, participants were given "capacity tasks" in order to examine group differences in the capacity of the central executive of working memory. The performance of the children with autism was inferior to that of the normally developing group and similar to that of the children with moderate learning difficulties.
Two cases of cecal volvulus in children with mental disability are described. Case 1: a 3-year-old girl with trisomy 18 was admitted with abdominal pain and vomiting. She had received left lateral ...segmentectomy 6 months earlier because of hepatoblastoma. Release of the cecal volvulus followed by the fixation of the cecum and ascending colon to the right retroperitonium was performed. Case 2: a 15-month-old boy with Cornelia de Lange syndrome who had undergone a standard Nissen's fundoplication. On the sixth postoperative day, progressive abdominal distention developed. Abdominal color Doppler ultrasonography from the right rear side revealed a clockwise-twisted ileocecal artery and vein and a dilated colon with tapering configuration. On the ninth postoperative day, emergent release of the cecal volvulus followed by ascending colostomy through a perforation site was performed. Approximately 40 children with cecal volvulus have so far been reported, of whom 13 are mentally disabled. We speculated that in the cases reported here, distention of the intestine accompanying the mental disability and the previous surgery contributed to the development of cecal volvulus in addition to the prerequisite of abnormal mobility of the cecum. Pediatric surgeons should consider the cecal volvulus as a cause of intestinal obstruction in mentally disabled children.
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L’objectif de l’article est de montrer que l’usage du concept de « handicap psychique », entériné en 2005 par la dernière loi de cadrage française sur le handicap, est à resituer dans une évolution ...plus globale : celle des conceptions sur le handicap en général, qui dépendent des politiques sociétales successives et qui se retrouvent dans les classifications internationales des handicaps. La loi de février 2005 qui a suscité l’engouement en France a peut-être donné trop d’espoir. Ce sera la question centrale de cet article. Car, force est de constater qu’en réalité, cette loi est un listing administratif nuancé des handicaps, et que, si elle propose une définition du handicap, celle-ci reste descriptive et limitée aux répercussions adaptatives et sociocomportementales des déficiences de la personne. De plus, cette loi ne reprend pas dans son texte le terme condensé de « handicap psychique ». Celui-ci dérive plutôt d’une interprétation de l’esprit de la loi qui se fonde sur les travaux parlementaires préparatoires. L’article propose d’éclairer ce contraste entre la loi elle-même et ses débats préalables pour dégager « le meilleur » des dispositions sur le handicap dit « psychique », en particulier ses apports pour les personnes malades.
This article aims to demonstrate that the use of the term “psychic handicap” as enshrined in the last set of French legal guidelines on disability, needs to be seen as part of a wider movement: namely that of attitudes to disability in general, following successive social policies and as expressed through international disability classifications. The law of February 2005, which caused the rush in France, maybe has given too much hope. This is the main issue this article seeks to address. For in reality, it is abundantly clear that this law is a thoroughgoing administrative list of disabilities, and whilst it may offer a definition of disability, it remains descriptive and limited to the adaptive and socio-behavioural repercussions of individual deficiencies. Moreover, the actual text of this law doesn’t use the compressed term “psychological disability”. This results largely from an interpretation of the spirit of the law based on its antecedents. This article intends to throw into relief the differences between the law itself and the debates, which preceded it, to release « the best » of dispositions on the “psychic handicap”, in particular its contributions for the sick persons. It seems that the 2005 law was influenced by scientific and medical thinking. It thus takes its inspiration from American disability terminology (CIH-1980 and CIF-2001) from which it attempts to combine contributions both between them and with those taken from international nosographies of mental health issues. Moreover, although it takes into account expert opinion–albeit from the great figures of traditional French psychiatry–the law continues to be influenced by American psychiatry which has, over the last few decades, given way to a quantitative, cognitivist and biological hegemony, to the detriment of the psychopathology of the afflicted subject. The tide is turning, but this will take time… Another important issue is that parliamentary reports made prior to legislation are driven by French political forces, and therefore addressed to the public to which they are answerable. In this regard, they are on the one hand largely inspired by current European thinking on disability, which may well be based on a fiercely egalitarian ideology, but which also recognises the subjectivity of those individuals in situations of psychological disability. On the other hand, these preparatory texts are clearly steered by user and family groups, as well as professionals within the medico-social sector who, for once, speak as one. It is perhaps paradoxical, but it seems that today, when it comes to psychological disability, it is generally the educational establishment which embodies psychodynamic thinking, whilst it is within the community clinic with those termed “mental” patients, that the qualitative approach to psychological problems, exiled from the hospital and healthcare sector, currently finds refuge… Moreover, whilst the term “psychological disability” is ultimately only useful as a catch-all term to help the wider public understand the various aspects of psychiatric patients’ socio-affective relations, the article highlights the deception of a broken promise: i.e. that a new concept opens up a new epistemological field which allows us to extend our practical and theoretical thinking on the issue. The article concludes that nevertheless, as with disability issues in general, our inability to conceptualise the intuitive compressed term “psychological disability” should lead us to admit that it is the usage of the term which will make it exist, make sense, condense…
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It is important to habituate mentally handicapped persons to dental treatment in order to maintain good oral hygiene over the long term. The purpose of this study was to examine long-term changes of ...adaptability to dental treatment in such persons.The subjects were 16 profoundly mental retarded persons who had been residents for more than 20 years at "Colony Niigata Shiroiwa-no-Sato", a training institute for mentally handicapped persons in Niigata prefecture, Japan. One dentist evaluated their behavioral reactions subjectively to a routine dental treatment, divided into five situations, from being brought from the waiting space to leaving the treatment room, and classified their reactions into three ranks, as being "adaptable", "medium"and "inadaptable". We compared the current results with previous results that were gathered twice by the same procedure at the start of the initial treatment and at the end of the treatment before 20 years.The results were as follows :1.In all of the five situations, the number of subjects who were evaluated as "adaptable" increased significantly in the current results, compared to the start of the initial treatment before 20 years. The size of the long-term adaptable group (the group with acquired adaptability and the group that main tained adaptability) also increased. We considered that their adaptability was associated with acclima tization to dental treatment through their experience of repeated periodical examinations and with in creased calmness in mind and behavior as they aged.2.Long-term changes were different in each situation. During the dental treatment itself, adaptability showed remarkable improvement in a short time between the start of the initial treatment and the end of the treatment before 20 years. On the other hand, in the situation just before the treatment (from the entrance to the dental chair), adaptability showed less improvement.
For realizing our study the supervised tooth-brushing program was carried out among 100 schoolchildren at the age of 9-12 and 13-16 years with low and moderate mental handicap in Skopje. To evaluate ...the results of six months intervention program, concentrated on encouragement of independent manual skills, OHI levels were detected by Green-Vermillion and CPITN index levels to characterize the gingival and periodontal health.
For comparative analyzes of date-base OHI levels and after six months of intervention program, we detected that the mean date-base OHI index level for mentally handicaped children are 2.46, and at the end of the program (after six months) it was 0.73. CPITN index levels at the beginning and after six months of intervention programmed for mentally handicaped children in both age groups, also confirmed r statistical significance for this examined parameter, with evident reduction of CPITN mean levels from 2.11 to 0.95. Correlation among date-base OHI levels and levels at the end of our intervention program means high positive correlation between these index levels at the beginningand final examinations.
This program gave promising results and was effective in reducing the plaque and gingivitis scores, so the key to long-term success of the program is to maintain the subjects' motivation to make oral hygiene a part of their daily routine and thus sustain this improvement (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 12). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.
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