A growing body of evidence indicates that poor health early in life can leave lasting scars on adult health and economic outcomes. While much of this literature focuses on childhood experiences, ...mechanisms generating these lasting effects-recurrence of illness and interruption of human capital accumulation-are not limited to childhood. In this study, we examine how an episode of depression experienced in early adulthood affects subsequent labor market outcomes. We find that, at age 50, people who had met diagnostic criteria for depression when surveyed at ages 27-35 earn 10% lower hourly wages (conditional on occupation), work 120-180 fewer hours annually, and earn 24% lower annual wage incomes. A portion of this income penalty (21%-39%) occurs because depression is often a chronic condition, recurring later in life. But a substantial share (25%-55%) occurs because depression in early adulthood disrupts human capital accumulation, by reducing work experience and by influencing selection into occupations with skill distributions that offer lower potential for wage growth. These lingering effects of early depression reinforce the importance of early and multifaceted intervention to address depression and its follow-on effects in the workplace.
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Background: Low dopamine D.sub.2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens shell is associated with highly impulsive behavior in rats as measured by premature responses in a cued attentional ...task. However, it is unclear whether dopamine D.sub.2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens is equally linked to intolerance for delayed rewards, a related form of impulsivity. Methods: We investigated the relationship between D.sub.2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens and impulsivity in a delay-discounting task where animals must choose between immediate, small-magnitude rewards and delayed, largermagnitude rewards. Corticostriatal D.sub.2/3 receptor availability was measured in rats stratified for high and low impulsivity using in vivo .sup.18Ffallypride positron emission tomography and ex vivo .sup.3Hraclopride autoradiography. Resting-state functional connectivity in limbic corticostriatal networks was also assessed using fMRI. Results: Delay-discounting task impulsivity was inversely related to D.sub.2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens core but not the dorsal striatum, with higher D.sub.2/3 binding in the nucleus accumbens shell of high-impulsive rats compared with low-impulsive rats. D.sub.2/3 receptor availability was associated with stronger connectivity between the cingulate cortex and hippocampus of high- vs low-impulsive rats. Conclusions: We conclude that delay-discounting task impulsivity is associated with low D.sub.2/3 receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens core. Thus, two related forms of waiting impulsivity--premature responding and delay intolerance in a delay-of-reward task--implicate an involvement of D.sub.2/3 receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens shell and core, respectively. This dissociation may be causal or consequential to enhanced functional connectivity of limbic brain circuitry and hold relevance for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction, and other psychiatric disorders. Keywords: delay discounting, dopamine D.sub.2/3 receptor, impulsivity, nucleus accumbens, resting-state fMRI, functional connectivity
For more than three decades the author has been concerned with issues to do with emotion, suffering and healing. This volume presents ethnographic studies of South Wales, Maharashtra and post-Soviet ...Latvia connected by a theoretical interest in healing, emotion and subjectivity. Exploring the uses of narrative in the shaping of memory, autobiography and illness and its connections with the master narratives of history and culture, it focuses on the post-Soviet clinic as an arena in which the contradictions of a liberal economy are translated into a medical language.
Multifaceted Empathy Test Fernandes Vieira de Lima, Felipe; Rossi, Giordano; dos Santos, Rafael Guimarães ...
PloS one,
07/2023, Volume:
18, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The lack of empathy is associated with several psychological and behavioral disorders, and it is important to assess this construct broadly, through multi-methods. To conduct a psychometric analysis ...of the Brazilian version of the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), a computerized task that assesses emotional and cognitive empathy. The samples were recruited from the community using the snowball method (phase 1: face-to-face; N = 142) and through social media (phase 2: online; N = 519). The participants completed the MET and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to assess the convergent validity between the instruments. To assess validity with correlated constructs (resilient coping and stress), the Brief Resilient Coping Scale and Perceived Stress Scale were used. A task was also implemented in the face-to-face application to assess facial emotions. The retest was applied 25 days later to a portion of the sample (face-to-face: N = 31; online: N = 102). It was observed adequate test-retest reliability for most items (ICC = 0.49-0.98), satisfactory infit and outfit indexes, discriminatory ability between sexes, weak convergent validity with empathy measures (r = 0.17-0.36), and correlate constructs (r = 0.12-0.46). MET presented good psychometric indicators, confirming its use in face-to-face/computer-based and online formats in clinical and research contexts. However, weaknesses were found regarding the cognitive subscale, demanding future studies to address larger samples to enable more robust conclusions concerning its adequacy. Further research on the instrument's internal structure can also contribute to its improvement.
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"Serious mental illness" (SMI) is a priority population within mental health treatment and policy. However, there is no standard operational definition across research, clinical, and policy contexts. ...The use of the label has also not been evaluated regarding its association with stigma among the general public. This mixed-method study compared community members' stigma toward "SMI" with other psychiatric labels and examined community understanding and perceptions of the SMI label.
Two hundred forty-six participants recruited via Prolific read randomly manipulated vignettes describing an individual diagnosed with depression, schizophrenia, or "SMI" and completed measures of stigma and qualitative questions regarding familiarity, understanding, and perceived utility of SMI. Quantitative analyses evaluated stigma across vignettes, and qualitative analyses identified common themes across responses.
Stigma was relatively high across vignettes, with more negative views reported toward SMI and schizophrenia compared with depression. Quantitative differences in stigma by vignette were not significant after controlling for participants' age and gender. Qualitative responses were split regarding the perceived utility of the SMI term, with noted concerns including its broadness and potential for stigma. Most participants described functional impairment or disability as characteristic of "SMI," and approximately 70% associated schizophrenia and psychotic disorders with "SMI" compared with 45% for depression.
Person-level factors were more strongly associated with stigma than psychiatric labels. However, our sample described concerns that the SMI term is vague and may exacerbate stigma. Community education and antistigma efforts should move beyond diagnostic labels in characterizing mental illness to facilitate change in attitudes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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