Microclimate research of the Cave in Belejska komunada was conducted in the period from 1 February to 19 August 2007. In the analysis of temperature and air humidity measurement data recorded by ...electronic thermohygrograph were used. Measurement points were installed in the vicinity of the entrance and at the bottom of the cave. The research was carried out as a component of the geoecological evaluation of the cave for the purpose of planning its tourist use. The measurement was conducted during the warm part of the year when the majority of tourists would visit, therefore the period was particularly interesting since the cave visitors have an impact on changes in microclimatic parameters.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article focuses on the study of microclimate conditions under bridge structures and their influence on the characteristics of corrosion products developed on the surface of structures designed ...from weathering steels. The development of a protective corrosion product layer on weathering steel is influenced mainly by the time of wetness, structural solution of the bridge and concentration of corrosion stimulators in the atmosphere. The main corrosion stimulators in the air are sulfur dioxide and chlorides. Since the 1990s, concentrations of sulfur dioxide in Central Europe have significantly decreased. Currently, chlorides are the main corrosive stimulator, primarily from deicing salts used in winter road maintenance. The extent and scope of corrosion damage to a steel structure located in an environment with high chloride deposition is not uniform across all exposed surfaces. The submitted article therefore focuses on monitoring the dependence between the amount of chlorides deposited and the location and orientation of typical surfaces of steel bridge structures.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The architecture initiated during the time of the Austro-Hungarian period was distinctly expressed both in Sarajevo and in the whole region of Bosnia-Herzegovina. A substantial number of these ...buildings was assessed for their historical, architectural, ambient and aesthetical values and, as such, represent the valuable historic heritage of these regions. Standing among them in its impressive dimension and being of a great national value is the palace of the former Provincial Government, which was designed by Josip Vancaš in Vienna (1884). The aim of the present paper is to emphasize the importance of atrial and open spaces integrated into the volume of the building. These spaces can be used to synthesize and functionally transform spaces into controlled and contextually selected forms, contemporary shapes and materials by applying functional creativity without endangering the ambience and historical values of the building. On the contrary, by closing the courtyard and atrial spaces, it would be possible to ensure a buffer zone between the interior and the exterior as well as to create a micro-climate and eliminate processes that generally occur in façades facing such spaces. These spaces could be synthesized and functionally transformed into useable, controlled and contextually selected forms by creatively applying contemporary shapes and materials without endangering the ambiance and historic values of the building. The view towards the sky through a diagonal lattice would present an association to the "lattice window" or "mušebak", creating a comfortable microclimate. Several different structural concepts were studied. The aim of the paper was to evaluate structural concepts in terms of feasibility and energy efficiency measures pay off. There are numerous examples of transparent roof extensions introduced when rehabilitating the existing cultural-historical buildings, the extensions known for their power in terms of quality and quantity or the harmonious bond between the old and the new. The atrium roof structure will be supported on the walls of existing building. Since the roof structure would be on the interior of the building footprint it is important to consider manageable erection process.
Urban surface temperature is a major diagnostic parameter to describe the urban environment in cross-scale urban climatic studies. Modeling of urban surface temperature at microscale is fundamental ...to advances in understanding the nature of urban microclimate, and it is essential for diverse studies related to urban pollution dispersion, pedestrian thermal comfort and building energy consumption. This paper focuses on the use of an urban canopy model (Town Energy Balance model, TEB) to study urban surface energy balance and surface temperature evolution. TEB is run in an offline mode with atmospheric forcing data from continuous observation above the canopy layer of Toulouse city center, France from February 2004 to February 2005. The surface temperatures derived from TEB present both the correct temporal course and diurnal amplitude. Simulation results show different patterns exist between urban roof, wall, and road assemble-averaged estimates in diurnal and annual temperature cycles. The time lag phenomenon and amplitude attenuation between surface temperature cycle and canyon air temperature cycle indicate that TEB can reproduce the urban thermal responses and the temporal evolution of diagnostic parameters in urban microclimate studies. TEB and other microclimate model have the potential to be important tools for the deterministic analysis of urban microclimate and hence for the analysis of adaptation measures in mitigating UHI for urban design.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In the last decades, the very fast improvement of the analytical instrumentation has led to the possibility of quickly and easily getting a lot of data; in turn, the need of advanced statistical ...methods suitable to extract the full information furnished by instruments has increased. Such kind of data treatments is particularly important in any case of continuous monitoring of one or more parameters, so the microclimate monitoring is a typical example for this application. Microclimate control is essential in the conservation of Cultural Heritage (CH), but decisions on optimal conservation parameters cannot base only on existing norms that do not take into account the environment’s history. Often CH has survived for many centuries in conditions that must be considered risky but also a stable state (equilibrium) resulting from a long adaptation process during which a more or less heavy damage occurred to the materials. Any successive change of microclimate parameters has interrupted this equilibrium conditions and has induced further damage to material until a new equilibrium is reached; dimension and frequency of changes are proportional to the expected damage. This thermodynamic consideration provides the background for a CH conservation project based on microclimate control and highlights the importance of environmental monitoring for the identification of equilibrium parameters to be maintained. In 2010, we monitored the microclimate of an important historical building in Rome, the Mamertino Carcer, before its opening to visitors. One year later, we repeated the monitoring in the presence of visitors, and here, we present a careful choice of multivariate data treatments adopted for an enough, simple and immediate evaluation of the microclimatic changes; this allows an easier understanding also for persons with not too deep scientific background, such as Superintendents and, in turn, really useful information to provide suggestions for a conservation project. Results evidenced the expected loss of isolation of the site that occurred by opening to visitors; this led to wider excursions of both temperature and relative humidity and, in turn, to a worsening of the conservative conditions. Surely, a monitoring of particulate matter, correlated to air fluxes and, in turn, to microclimate, is of fundamental importance for the conservation of frescoes and will be object of one of our future diagnostic interventions in the site.
Urban areas are typically warmer than rural ones. This is mainly due to denser configuration dominated by impermeable surfaces such as buildings and roads, compared to rural areas which are less ...densely built and mainly dominated by open spaces. Rapid urban expansion in dense cities bares direct impact on surface and air temperature patterns within street canyons; a phenomena which is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Thus, several UK city councils such as Birmingham, Manchester, and London have started to develop strategies aiming at enhancing urban green systems (UGS) through trees, green walls and green roofs. Some of those strategies include considering the green space factor, and increasing green areas within the cities to improve street canyon microclimate and reduce UHI. The Mayor of London has adopted a strategy for London 2050 aspiring to transform it to be the greenest city in the world by increasing the green areas up to 50%. This paper investigates the influence of increasing the UGS percentage which is considered as a key solution to mitigate UHI effect which will, in turn, provide thermally comfortable outdoor environments for pedestrians. The investigation is undertaken by comparing the morphology of precincts and streets in relation to air temperature, mean radiant temperature and surface temperature within Oxford Street canyons in London city centre; being one of the world's busiest streets. The results from this research demonstrate that different UGS interventions with varying percentage are required depending on particular canyon orientations and geometries. The study found that, in general, more trees would have significant thermal comfort effect followed by living façade, while high albedo pavement (HAP) came last. However, HAP had high influence on improving thermal comfort in North-South orientated streets with minor variance to trees and living facades which, changing their percentage levels was insignificant.
This paper presents a methodological framework for a more accurate assessment of the thermal performance of green infrastructure (GI) using a combination of airborne remote sensing, field ...measurements and numerical modelling. The proposed framework consists of: (a) controlling intervening variables and classifying sites according to urban morphology, (b) classifying GI according to a newly developed typology, (c) quantifying and allocating a set of indicators/metrics to each typology, and (d) analysing and comparing data spatially and statistically. The proposed framework provides a standardised protocol that urban planners and practitioners can apply to quantify, compare and report the results of microclimate studies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Green infrastructure needs to be where people live and work - everywhere in the city. Current city challenges such as hot, dry, pollution, traffic, housing, urban sprawl etc. can be solved simply ...with nature. Improving stormwater management, changing microclimate, windbreaks, reducing energy use, biodiversity, applying green roof are few examples of solving problems in the cities these days. Ecosystem services must come to towns and people need to learn to use them. Sponge city is not only new term. It provides ecological, economic and social benefit through natural solutions. It is a key to sustainable spatial planning, urban design and development. The aim of this paper is to explain a case study of Košice city how green infrastructure can solve climate petrubation.
In many dense cities, urban heat and the interaction of buildings with their immediate urban environment emerges as a pressing issue due to growing urban heat island effect and climate change. ...Informed evidence based design decisions to mitigate heat stress becomes a priority for urban planning and design practitioners. The aim of the study is to develop informed design and development decisions using computer simulation tools concerning urban microclimate performance. In this study, academic researchers have worked with industrial partners in an urban renewal project in Hong Kong's high density urban area. In-house developed simulation software such as CityComfort+ and HTB2-Virvil were applied to assess urban microclimate conditions and risks of pedestrian thermal stress throughout key seasons. Simulation results were provided as feedback to project designers and managers at early stage, allowing timely design modification to improve performance while maintaining code compliance and design and fiscal priorities. The procedure is iterative until performance attributes converge. Preliminary results show that the informed design can deliver significant microclimate benefits compared with "business-as-usual scenarios". By shaping building mass, orientation, and strategic placement of shading and vegetation, the improved design is expected to reduce summer-time outdoor heat stress by 1°C measured in UTCI equivalent temperature, thus bringing the average conditions for the hot season into the "comfort zone" for the local community. Energy simulation can predict overall energy demand and the potential for renewable energy supply at an urban scale. The simulation-designer workflow shows promising potentials to improve urban microclimate performance of design outcomes and the potential for zero carbon urban blocks. The early-stage action, forward-looking partnership, and computing efficiency of the simulation tools are the keys.
The article is devoted to the problems of maintaining viability and increasing the productivity of honey bees in Eastern Siberia. The benefits of coniferous wormwood extract for autumn-spring feeding ...of bee colonies are described. The researches have shown that bees more actively took food with coniferous wormwood extract than regular sugar syrup. Feeding bees with syrup with extract positively influenced the course of wintering of bees: in the experimental group there was 100% safety. A positive effect of the extract on the development of bee colonies, flight activity of bees was noted: it was seen that the individuals were strong and active. As a result of the researches, it was noticed that after a six-fold feeding of bees with coniferous wormwood extract, the strength of the bee colonies, the average honey and wax productivity, the number of brood and received nucleus increased. The daily increase of population made it possible to maintain an optimal microclimate in the brood nest. It was found that stimulative feeding with the extract increased resistance to such common diseases as varroatosis (there was an 82.8% reduction in the mite strike of bee colonies), nosematosis and ascospherosis. These observations indicate that bee colonies had a huge army of working bees, the microclimate inside the nest was healthy, and it made the maximum use of forces for further increase of individuals and making products.
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