The world continues to strive in the search for clean power sources to run the millions of different vehicles on the road on daily basis as they are the main contributors to toxic emissions releases ...from internal combustion engines to the atmosphere. These toxic emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution and impact negatively on people's health. Fuel cell devices are gradually replacing the internal combustion engines in the transport industry. Some notable challenges of the PEMFC technology are discussed in this paper. High costs, low durability and hydrogen storage problems are some of the major obstacles being examined in this investigation.
The paper explores the latest advances in electric cars technology and their design specifications. The study also compares the characteristics and the technologies of the three types of electric cars now available in the market.
•The work the latest advances in electric cars technology and their design specs.•The paper discusses the advances in the sources of energy for electric cars.•It explores the different propulsion systems currently available.•Control strategies for power management in electric cars are reviewed.•Issues impeding the wide adoption of electric cars by consumers are discussed.
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Hydrogen evolution reaction, HER, is the simplest electrocatalytic reaction. With development of renewable energy sources electrolytic production of hydrogen becomes an alternative way of hydrogen ...production for internal combustion engines and fuel cells. HER proceeds through the Volmer, Heyrovsky and Tafel reaction mechanism. The formal kinetics of HER is described briefly in many books but detailed description is only found in research papers. In this review detailed kinetic description of HER is presented for stationary measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, open circuit potential decay and current step techniques. It is illustrated by examples and limitations of the determination of kinetic parameters are discussed. Finally, experimental conditions necessary for obtaining good experimental data are presented.
•Detailed mechanism of the HER and appropriate equations describing it are developed.•Methods of determination of the kinetic parameters of are presented.•Problems related to indistinguishability of the HER mechanisms are discussed.•Practical advices on how to carry out experimental measurement are presented.
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•This work describes a new approach of classifying ECG signals for abnormalities detection.•The DWT and morphology based feature has been extracted for experimental work.•ECG signal analysis includes ...de-noising, feature extraction and classification of signal data.•System can truly classify ECG signal into abnormal and normal class utilizing neural classifier.•The result for training and testing the data sample is greater than 95% using any of the classifier.
This paper deals with ECG signal analysis based on Artificial Neural Network and combined based (discrete wavelet transform and morphology) features. We proposed a technique to truthfully classify ECG signal data into two classes (abnormal and normal class) using various neural classifier. MIT–BIH arrhythmia database utilized and selected 45 files of one minute recording (25 files of normal class and 20 files of abnormal class) out of 48 files based on types of beat present in it. The total 64 features are separated in to two classes that is DWT (48) based features and morphological (16) feature of ECG signal which is set as an input to the classifier. Three neural network classifiers: Back Propagation Network (BPN), Feed Forward Network (FFN) and Multilayered Perceptron (MLP) are employed to classify the ECG signal. The classifier performance is measured in terms of Sensitivity (Se), Positive Predictivity (PP) and Specificity (SP). The system performance is achieved with 100% accuracy using MLP.
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R. B. Woodward was the greatest organic chemist of the 20th century. His story is epic. But his years before tenure were with many serious adversities as well as real successes. That Woodward flunked ...out of MIT as an undergraduate student is well known. But other predicaments in his early life are not so well known nor included in the numerous biographies about him. This paper will describe many of these trials and tribulations, so as to provide a fuller understanding of Woodward's early life and perhaps help explain some of his personal and professional choices later in his life.
This essay describes the early life of R. B. Woodward with a focus on the “highs” as well as the many “bumps in his road.” Life was not so easy for the young Woodward. Display omitted
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•Lower explosion limit of gases decreases upon addition of dust which is itself not ignitable.•Minimum ignition temperature of gases decrease upon addition of dust which is itself not ...ignitable.•Minimum ignition temperature of hybrid mixtures are lower than that of single substance.•Minimum explosion concentration of dust decreases upon addition of gas which is itself not ignitable.•Lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures are lower than that of single substance.
Investigations on the minimum ignition temperatures (MIT) of hybrid mixtures of dusts with gases or solvents were performed in the modified Godbert–Greenwald (GG) furnace. Five combustible dusts and six flammable gases (three ideal and three real) were used. The test protocol was according to EN 50281-2-1 for dust–air mixtures whereas in the case of gases, solvents and hybrid mixtures this standard was used with slight modification. The experimental results demonstrated a significant decrease of the MIT of gas, solvent or dust and an increase in the likelihood of explosion when a small amount of dust, which was either below the minimum explosion concentration or not ignitable by itself, was mixed with gas and vice versa. For example, the MIT of toluene decreased from 540°C to 455°C when small amount of lycopodium was added. It was also confirmed that a hybrid mixture explosion is possible even when both dust and vapour or gas concentrations are respectively lower than their minimum explosion concentration (MEC) and lower explosion limit (LEL). Another example is CN4, the MEC of which of 304g/m3 decreased to 37g/m3 when propane was added, even though the concentrations of the gas was below its LEL.
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46.
TFEB at a glance Napolitano, Gennaro; Ballabio, Andrea
Journal of cell science,
07/2016, Volume:
129, Issue:
13
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of basic cellular processes, such as lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. The subcellular localization and activity of TFEB ...are regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated phosphorylation, which occurs at the lysosomal surface. Phosphorylated TFEB is retained in the cytoplasm, whereas dephosphorylated TFEB translocates to the nucleus to induce the transcription of target genes. Thus, a lysosome-to-nucleus signaling pathway regulates cellular energy metabolism through TFEB. Recently, in vivo studies have revealed that TFEB is also involved in physiological processes, such as lipid catabolism. TFEB has attracted a lot of attention owing to its ability to induce the intracellular clearance of pathogenic factors in a variety of murine models of disease, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, suggesting that novel therapeutic strategies could be based on the modulation of TFEB activity. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we present an overview of the latest research on TFEB function and its implication in human diseases.
Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is considered as a rational solution to convert thermal energy of low and moderate temperature heat sources into mechanical work, which currently attracts more and more ...attention as an effective way for internal combustion engine waste heat recovery (ICE-WHR). Traditional design methods for low-temperature ORCs do not adapt to ICE-WHR suitably due to the specific large-gradient temperature drop characteristics of engine waste heats, and corresponding low-temperature organic fluids meeting with thermal matching and thermal decomposition issues for high-temperature exhaust gas recovery. Hence, there have been a great amount of studies focusing on modified ORCs to achieve a better performance from the aspects of cycle and fluid during the past decade, mainly in 2010s. In this paper, relevant researches of these modified ORCs were reviewed and divided into four parts to approach the ideal cycle, which was defined as the best matching cycle to engine waste heats. From paths of fluid and cycle, high-temperature ORCs (HT-ORCs), mixture ORCs (M-ORCs), ORCs combining with extra loops and dual loop ORCs (DORCs) were summarized. The method of temperature-entropy (t-s) map was applied to provide the approaching degree from modified ORCs to the ideal cycle. The study provides valuable information for stakeholders interested in ORC technologies and gives policymakers perspectives regarding different ORC options for ICE-WHR.
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Faced with environmental issues caused by fossil fuel burning in the industrial and transportation sectors, innovations towards cleaner solutions to replace the ever diminishing fossil fuels have ...been the focus of not only researchers but governments all around the world. The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology is the result of the desire to have vehicles with a better fuel economy and lower tailpipe emissions to meet the requirements of environmental policies as well as to absorb the impact of rising fuel prices. The objectives are met by combining a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric motors powered by a battery pack that can be charged using an on-board generator and the regenerative braking technology to power the transmission. The challenge is to develop an efficient energy management strategy (EMS) to satisfy the objectives while not having a reduced vehicle performance. In this paper, EMSs that are proposed and developed in the recent years are revisited and reviewed. Additionally, the Plug-in HEV is discussed in a new perspective from the EMS point of view. The through-the-road (TtR) HEV with in-wheel motors (IWM) is a fairly new concept in the HEV design that features less complicated configuration with reduced hardware requirements and lower cost. Recent research findings are evaluated throughout this paper leading to a hypothetical TtR HEV materialization. A thorough discussion is made encompassing the advantages and disadvantages of the concept, its performance compared to conventional HEVs and the way forward.
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The storage of electrical energy in a rechargeable battery is subject to the limitations of reversible chemical reactions in an electrochemical cell. The limiting constraints on the design of a ...rechargeable battery also depend on the application of the battery. Of particular interest for a sustainable modern society are (1) powering electric vehicles that can compete with cars powered by the internal combustion engine and (2) stationary storage of electrical energy from renewable energy sources that can compete with energy stored in fossil fuels. Existing design strategies for the rechargeable battery have enabled the wireless revolution and the plug-in hybrid electric car, but they show little promise of providing safe, adequate capacity with an acceptable shelf and cycle life to compete in cost and convenience with the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels. Electric vehicles that are charged overnight (plug-in vehicles) offer a distributed energy storage, but larger battery packs are needed for stationary storage of electrical energy generated from wind or solar farms and for stand-by power. This paper outlines the limitations of existing commercial strategies and some developing strategies that may overcome these limitations.
Oxide/polymer separator membranes allow alternative strategies for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries storing electrical energy for the grid.
•In this manuscript, MLGK-TDCNN is proposed for the detection of ECG arrhythmia.•Here, the input ECG signals are taken from two datasets: (i) AFDB (ii) MBDB.•These datasets are balanced using ...Improved fuzzy c-means method.•Moreover, the de-noised ECG signals are given to the MLGK.•Then, the MLGK features given to the TDCNN classifier for detecting AF and NSR.
In this manuscript, Multiscale Laplacian graph kernel features combined with Tree Deep Convolutional Neural Network (MLGK-TDCNN) is proposed for the detection of Electrocardiogram (ECG) arrhythmia. Here, the input ECG signals are taken from two datasets: (i) MIT-BIH AF database (AFDB) (ii) MIT-BIH arrhythmia database (MBDB). These datasets are fully unbalanced dataset, and these datasets are balanced using Improved fuzzy c-means method for unbalanced dataset. Moreover, the de-noised ECG signals are given to the MLGK. The proposed MLGK is to combine the Multiscale kernel features from the Preprocessed ECG signals. The combined Multiscale kernel features given to the TDCNN classifier for the detection of AF with raw normal sinus rhythm (NSR). The proposed approach is activated in MATLAB platform, then the efficiency is analyzed with existing approaches. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed FFREWT-MLGK-TDCNN approach is compared with two databases. From the analysis, the accuracy of AFDB shows 9.40%, 16.44% and 23.20% better than the existing approaches, the accuracy of MBDB shows 14.67%, 21.42% and 7.54% better than the existing approaches, like novel intelligent approach depending on multi-scale convolution kernel (MCK) and Squeeze-and-Excitation network (SENet) for AF detection, automatic arrhythmia classification strategy using the optimization-based deep convolutional neural network (CNN-BaROA), deep learning method for classifying arrhythmia by using 2-second segments of 2D recurrence plot images of ECG signals (2D-CNN) respectively.
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