The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) might counteract the skeletal muscle age-related loss of muscle mass and strength/function partly acting on mitochondria. This work analysed the effects of a ...six-week administration of RSV (50 mg/kg/day) in the oxidative Soleus (Sol) skeletal muscle of old rats (27 months old). RSV effects on key mitochondrial biogenesis proteins led to un unchanged amount of SIRT1 protein and a marked decrease (60 %) in PGC-1α protein. In addition, Peroxyredoxin 3 (PRXIII) protein decreased by 50 %, which on overall suggested the absence of induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by RSV in old Sol. A novel direct correlation between PGC-1α and PRXIII proteins was demonstrated by correlation analysis in RSV and ad-libitum (AL) rats, supporting the reciprocally coordinated expression of the proteins. RSV supplementation led to an unexpected 50 % increase in the frequency of the oxidized base OH8dG in mtDNA. Furthermore, RSV supplementation induced a 50 % increase in the DRP1 protein of mitochondrial dynamics. In both rat groups an inverse correlation between PGC-1α and the frequency of OH8dG as well as an inverse correlation between PRXIII and the frequency of OH8dG were also found, suggestive of a relationship between oxidative damage to mtDNA and mitochondrial biogenesis activity. Such results may indicate that the antioxidant activity of RSV in aged Sol impinged on the oxidative fiber-specific, ROS-mediated, retrograde communication, thereby affecting the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α and PRXIII, reducing the compensatory responses to the age-related mitochondrial oxidative stress and decline.
•Resveratrol did not induce in aged rat Soleus oxidative fibers responses compensating the decline of mitochondrial functions.•Resveratrol likely impinged on retrograde communication affecting expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, PRXIII and DRP1. Resveratrol, in spite of its antioxidant action, led to mtDNA increased oxidative damage, specific of oxidative type fibers.•Short term resveratrol supplementation did not induce mitochondrial biogenesis in aged rat soleus muscle.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Exercise-induced physical endurance enhancement and skeletal muscle remodeling can prevent and delay the development of multiple diseases, especially metabolic syndrome. Herein, the study explored ...the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and exercise, and its effect on skeletal muscle remodeling to enhance endurance capacity. We found both acute exercise and short-term endurance training significantly increased the secretion of GLP-1 in mice. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding Gcg (proglucagon) was used to induce the overexpression of GLP-1 in skeletal muscle of mice. Overexpression of GLP-1 in skeletal muscle enhanced endurance capacity. Meanwhile, glycogen synthesis, glucose uptake, type I fibers proportion, and mitochondrial biogenesis were augmented in GLP-1-AAV skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the in vitro experiment showed that exendin-4 (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) treatment remarkably promoted glucose uptake, type I fibers formation, and mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, the knockdown of AMPK could reverse the effects imposed by GLP-1R activation in vitro. Taken together, these results verify that GLP-1 regulates skeletal muscle remodeling to enhance exercise endurance possibly via GLP-1R signaling-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK.
•Both acute exercise and short-term endurance training significantly increased the secretion of GLP-1;•GLP-1 enhanced physical endurance through skeletal muscle remodeling;•GLP-1 promotes skeletal muscle remodeling via GLP-1R/AMPK signaling pathway thereby enhancing endurance capacity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Aging is a general degenerative process related to deterioration of cell functions in the entire organism. Mitochondria, which play a key role in energy homeostasis and metabolism of reactive oxygen ...species (ROS), require lifetime control and constant renewal. This explains recently peaked interest in the processes of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. The principal event of mitochondrial metabolism is regulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and translation, which is a complex coordinated process that involves at least two systems of transcription factors. It is commonly believed that its major regulatory proteins are PGC-1α and PGC-1β, which act as key factors connecting several regulator cascades involved in the control of mitochondrial metabolism. In recent years, the number of publications on the essential role of Nrf2/ARE signaling in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis has grown exponentially. Nrf2 is induced by various xenobiotics and oxidants that oxidize some Nrf2 negative regulators. Thus, ROS, in particular H
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, were found to be strong Nrf2 activators. At present, there are two major concepts of mitochondrial biogenesis. Some authors suggest direct involvement of Nrf2 in the regulation of this process. Others believe that Nrf2 regulates expression of the antioxidant genes, while the major and only regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis is PGC-1α. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of the regulatory loop involving both PGC-1α and Nrf2. In this review, we summarized recent data on the Nrf2 role in mitochondrial biogenesis and its interaction with PGC-1α in the context of extending longevity.
Indonesia is ranked as the most highly polluted country in Southeast Asia and the 26th on the list of the most polluted countries worldwide. Exercising in polluted spaces can have complex effects on ...inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis in the lungs. The interaction between physical activity and pollution exposure may affect lung health. This study aimed to analyse the different effects of exercise in polluted open spaces and antioxidant administration on lung inflammation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The research approach used was a quantitative approach with a comparative descriptive design using random assignment technique. The research sample used male white rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Wistar strain aged 8-10 weeks with a body weight of 200-300 g obtained from Biofarma Animal Breeding Facility. The sampling technique used in this study was random assignment technique. In this study, the number of members of the treatment group was 5, so the total research sample amounted to 5 x 9, namely 45 samples. The results showed that there was a differentiation in the level of inflammation represented by the level of IL-6 and NF-κB and lung mitochondrial biogenesis level represented by PGC-1α, TOM20, and COX IV with moringa administration in physical activities, as indicated by the comparison of the mean values of the inflammatory process and lung mitochondrial biogenesis in the nine treatment groups. The implication of this research is that it is necessary to consider appropriate sport strategies or guidelines for individuals who exercise in a polluted environment to reduce the negative impact on the respiratory system and overall lung health.
Background and Aim: Mitochondrial dysfunction in brain tissue plays a significant role in the development of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to assess the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic training ...and garlic supplementation on the gene expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1-a) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in the brain tissue of elderly rats with Parkinson's disease. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: 1) healthy control (HC), 2) Parkinson's control (Res), 3) Parkinson's-aerobic exercise (AT), 4) Parkinson-garlic supplement (G), and 5) Parkinson-aerobic exercise-garlic supplement (AT+G). Parkinson's disease was induced by injecting 2 mg/kg of reserpine. Aerobic training was conducted five times a week, with each session lasting 15-48 minutes at speeds ranging from 10 to 24 meters per minute over 8 weeks. The supplement groups received a daily dose of 500 mg/kg of garlic via gavage. The gene expression of PGC1-a and TFAM in brain tissue was assessed using real-time PCR. Results: The expression of the PGC1-a gene in the G, AT, and AT+G groups was significantly higher than that in the Res group, with the AT+G group showing significantly higher expression than the G group (P=0.001). TFAM gene expression in the AT (P=0.005) and AT+G (P=0.001) groups was significantly higher than in the Res group, with the AT+G group exhibiting higher expression compared to the G and AT groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that the combination of exercise and garlic supplementation may have additive or synergistic effects on mitochondrial health and function in Parkinson's disease.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-characterized consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously reported that treatment with the FDA-approved β2-adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol ...beginning 8 h post-SCI induces mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) and improves body composition and locomotor recovery in female mice. To determine the time-to-treatment window of formoterol, female mice were subjected to 80 kdyn contusion SCI and daily administration of vehicle or formoterol (0.3 mg/kg) beginning 24 h after injury. This delayed treatment paradigm improved body composition in female mice by 21 DPI, returning body weight to pre-surgery weight and restoring gastrocnemius mass to sham levels; however, there was no effect on locomotor recovery, as measured by the Basso-Mouse Scale (BMS), or lesion volume. To assess the cross-sex potential of formoterol, injured male mice were treated with vehicle or formoterol (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) beginning 8 h after SCI. Formoterol also improved body composition post-SCI in male mice, restoring body weight and muscle mass regardless of dose. Interestingly, however, improved BMS scores and decreased lesion volume was observed only in male mice treated with 0.3 mg/kg. Additionally, 0.3 mg/kg formoterol induced MB in the gastrocnemius and injured spinal cord, as evidenced by increased MB protein expression and mitochondrial number. These data indicate that formoterol treatment improves recovery post-SCI in both male and female mice in a dose- and initiation time-dependent manner. Furthermore, formoterol-induced functional recovery post-SCI is not directly associated with peripheral effects, such as muscle mass and body weight.
•Formoterol has an initation window of at least 8 h, but less than 24 h post-SCI.•Formoterol dose-dependently improves functional recovery in SCI male mice.•Formoterol increases mitochondrial number in gastrocnemius and injured cord.•Formoterol improves body compositon regardless of functional recovery post-SCI.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Mitochondria are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells as they perform crucial functions in bioenergetics, metabolism and signalling and have been associated with numerous diseases. Recent ...functional and proteomic studies have revealed the remarkable complexity of mitochondrial protein organization. Protein machineries with diverse functions such as protein translocation, respiration, metabolite transport, protein quality control and the control of membrane architecture interact with each other in dynamic networks. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of the mitochondrial protein import machinery as a key organizer of these mitochondrial protein networks. The preprotein translocases that reside on the mitochondrial membranes not only function during organelle biogenesis to deliver newly synthesized proteins to their final mitochondrial destination but also cooperate with numerous other mitochondrial protein complexes that perform a wide range of functions. Moreover, these protein networks form membrane contact sites, for example, with the endoplasmic reticulum, that are key for integration of mitochondria with cellular function, and defects in protein import can lead to diseases.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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