Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of ...montan acid esters (E 912) when used as a food additive. Montan acids are extracted from oxidised montan wax and esterified with ethylene glycol, 1,3‐butanediol or triols, to form montan acid esters. Montan acid esters are authorised only for the surface treatment of fresh fruits. No data, specifically for montan acid esters, on toxicokinetics and reproductive and developmental toxicity were available. The available data on short‐term and subchronic toxicity, genotoxicity and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity were limited. Important deficiencies in the available studies on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity were noticed. The data requested in the 1990s (i.e. chromosomal aberration in vitro, reproduction and teratogenicity studies, material characteristics, impurities, presence of PAHs) were not submitted. Furthermore no data were submitted following an EFSA public call for data in 2012. The Panel identified some summary data in the European Chemicals Agency database (ECHA) on registered substances that might have been relevant for the assessment of montan acid esters but the original study reports were not made available to EFSA. Based on these limitations in the toxicological database the Panel concluded that montan acid esters as a food additive could not be evaluated.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Presenting a mathematical model for of Montan wax extraction from brown coal.•Identified the parameters of kf and De for the Montan wax extraction.•Proposing a correlation between De and the ...particle porosity εp.•Analyzing sensitivity for the extraction yield with respect of kf and De.
In this paper, mathematical models for the solid-liquid extraction of Montan wax from brown coal are formulated, considering the external mass transfer in liquid phase and the diffusion inside the brown coal particles (effective diffusion) in terms of mass conservation. For parameter identification and evaluation purposes, the Montan wax extraction from brown coal is conducted with small-scale and scaled-up immersion apparatuses. The effective diffusion coefficient De for the solute transport of Montan wax from brown coal in toluene is obtained with the proposed correlation De=DAB·εpnε (nε=2.9) where εp denotes the particle porosity. The effects of the important conditions such as temperature, solvent-solid ratio, the stirring speed and the particle size in terms of extraction rate are investigated by simulation. A sensitivity analysis is performed for the extraction yield with respect of mass transfer coefficient kf and effective diffusion coefficient De.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Crude montan wax (CMW) is a natural wax extracted directly from lignite by organic solvents that can be prepared into deresined montan wax (DMW) by the deresination process and then bleached into ...refined montan wax (RMW) by an oxidation process. Based on the different requirements for the DMW properties in different applications, a study on effects of the different factors on the deresination rate in CMW and the residual montan resin (MR) content on basic properties of DMW was carried out in this work. It was found that ethyl acetate displays an improved deresination effect, and that time and temperature are the two key factors that affect the CMW deresination rate (ǀ r ǀ > 0.9). With the increase in the residual MR contents in DMWs, the melting point of DMW decreased while its melting range widened, and its friability, acidity and saponification values increased. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that DMWs are rich in fatty esters and acids. It is concluded that the differences in their properties are related to the changes in the amount and content of the acids and esters.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Experience, current situation and the prospects for operation of mining and processing enterprises for production of montan wax from brown coal are analyzed. Classification of the main technologies ...for the use of solid fossil fuel mineral has been performed. The features the technological process for production of montan wax, taking into account the experience of leading enterprises in Germany and Ukraine, are considered. Prospective directions for renewing the production of montan wax on the basis of brown coal reserves of Dneprovskiy brown coal basin are indicated. The evaluation of the attractiveness of production montan wax with the application of cash flow projection methods was carried out. Recommendations on the integrated development of brown coal deposits and processing of brown coal in order to attract foreign investment and support the competitiveness of the country's market have been developed.
A model is developed based on experimental and theoretical analysis for the description of the Montan wax extraction process. This paper focuses on Graefe extraction, a standard methodology in brown ...coal industry, which is used to estimate the maximum yield of available wax. Using the results of Graefe extraction, the equilibrium curve and transfer coefficient can be identified by means of a global optimization algorithm Molecular-Inspired Parallel Tempering (MIPT). Another aim of the work is to predict the yields of Montan wax extracted by a percolation-column extraction, which contains 100 times the amount of brown coal as it is used in Graefe extraction.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Nonbiocidal techniques for wood protection have become more and more important in the last few years. One of the possible treatments to enhance wood durability is use of water repellents. In this ...research, the influence of one of the possible water repellents, the montan wax emulsion, on the moisturizing and the sorption characteristics of impregnated wood was investigated. To achieve a better protection against wood decay fungi, wood was impregnated with montan wax emulsion enriched with boric acid. The equilibrium moisture content (MC) was monitored during the adsorption and the desorption processes at five levels of relative air humidity (RH₁ = 20%, RH₂ = 33%, RH₃ = 65%, RH₄ = 88%, and RH₅ = 98%). Water repellence efficiency was monitored in the chamber with high RH (87%) and during dipping in the water. Impregnated samples were also exposed outdoors in a covered position for 5 months to determine MC changes according to changes in outdoor humidity and temperature. The results showed that the sorption properties of the impregnated wood are strongly related to retention of preservative solutions after impregnation and its composition. Montan wax reduced equilibrium MC of the impregnated wood up to 25% (relatively), whereas specimens impregnated with combination of montan wax and boric acid resulted in decreased MC in some cases and in increased MC in some cases. The Guggenheim-Andersen-deBoer model of sorption isotherms was fitted to experimental data to explain the sorption mechanisms.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Industrial extraction of montan wax from lignite requires a specific pre‐treatment of raw material concerning milling and drying aiming on particles with sufficient strength and grain size ...distribution. The wax or its intermediate is a basic material, for example, in foundry, asphalt, or cosmetic industry. First time, the effects of drying temperature and moisture content of lignite samples on extraction rate, extraction yield, and mechanical properties were investigated. The examination was conducted out in lab‐scale with two different mechanical pre‐treatments. The experimental conditions ranged from 85 to 135°C concerning drying temperature and 1–20% for moisture content. The kinetic analysis of analytical wax extraction was made by adopting an approach from natural material extraction by Bucić‐Kojić et al. . The extraction yield as well as the extraction rate is increasing with increasing moisture content until a constant level is reached whereas temperature of drying air showed unexpectedly no significant influence on both parameters. The mechanical properties of the solids were determined by a pressure stress test. For both investigated solids, mechanical strength increases with lowering moisture content. The solids produced with the novel pre‐treatment showed in general a favorable compression behavior than the normally used particles. Practical applications: Industrial montan wax extraction process requires hard lignite particles, which do not decay during processing and handling. The strength of lignite is highly influenced by moisture content besides other factors such as the kind of lignite, the surface mine, drying technology, milling, and processing. The strength of lignite particles increases until a maximum in solidity is reached while drying down from deposit moisture of about 50 wt%. Lignite beds with high moisture content or wide grain size distribution offer the risk of their compression. Such compressed beds are not suitable for extraction due to a lowering or even total loss of permeability for the solvent. The selection of an adequate drying procedure and moisture content of the lignite avoids such problems. But a decrease of moisture content to 1% is known to reduce extraction yield considerably, e.g., the maximal extraction yield requires a specific moisture content of lignite particles .
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To establish a new method of testing and evaluating the quality of refined montan wax (RMW), digital color and GC fingerprint technology were introduced and applied. CIE Lab color mode was used to ...digitize the exterior colors of RMW, and the score obtained through a fitting function was also used to reflect its quality. It is shown that they were in complete accord with the human visual perception trend. The GC fingerprint was used to characterize the internal chemical information of RMW, and the composition of its internal features was reflected through the relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) values. It is shown that there was a high degree of similarity between the fingerprints, while certain differences also existed. This can be used to implement effective application of RMW to aspects such as quality control, adulteration identification, and origin attributions.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Importance of boron compounds in wood preservation is increasing due to their low environmental impact, high efficacy and the fact that many other active ingredients have been removed from the market ...after the introduction of the Biocidal Products Directive. The most important drawback of boron is prominent leaching in wet environment. In order to improve their fixation, and performance against wood decay fungi, boric acid was combined with montan wax emulsion. Possible synergistic effects of boric acid and montan wax were determined according to modified EN 113 procedure. Norway spruce and beech wood specimens were exposed to three white rot (
Trametes versicolor,
Pleurotus ostreatus and
Hypoxylon fragiforme) and brown rot wood decay fungi (
Gloeophyllum trabeum,
Antrodia vaillantii and
Serpula lacrymans) for 12 weeks. Boron leaching from vacuum/pressure treated Norway spruce wood was determined according to the continuous (EN 84 and ENV 1250-2) and non-continuous (OECD and prCEN/TS 15119-1) procedures. Boron was determined with ICP mass spectrometry in collected leachates. The results of the fungicidal tests clearly showed that montan wax emulsion and boric acid act synergistically against tested wood decay fungi. Approximately 50% lower boric acid retentions are required in combination with montan wax emulsions to achieve sufficient protection against wood rotting fungi. However, it is even more important that all leaching tests performed proved that the addition of montan wax decreased boron leaching from impregnated specimens for 20% up to 50%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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