Muslim physicians and Islamic jurists analyze the moral dimensions of biomedicine using different tools and processes. While the deliberations of these two classes of experts involve judgments about ...the deliverables of the other's respective fields, Islamic jurists and Muslim physicians rarely engage in discussions about the constructs and epistemic frameworks that motivate their analyses. The lack of dialogue creates gaps in knowledge and leads to imprecise guidance. In order to address these discursive and conceptual gaps we describe the sources of knowledge and reasoning employed by Islamic jurists and clinicians to resolve the question of when a patient must seek healthcare. As we examine both the scriptural evidence and legal reasoning of jurists and the types of medical evidence used by clinicians to address the same question, we draw attention to the epistemic frameworks and constructs at play and identify how constructs from one field may sharpen the deliberative exercises of the other. Hence our work advances discourses at the intersection of Islam and medicine and offers building blocks for a comprehensive Islamic framework that fully integrates the deliverables of medical science within the deliberations of Islamic jurists.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder often do not have access to crucial peer social activities. This study examines how typically developing adolescents evaluate decisions not to include a peer ...based on disability status, and the justifications they apply to these decisions. A clinical interview methodology was used to elicit judgments and justifications across four contexts. We found adolescents are more likely to judge the failure to include as acceptable in personal as compared to public contexts. Using logistic regression, we found that adolescents are more likely to provide moral justifications as to why failure to include is acceptable in a classroom as compared to home, lab group, and soccer practice contexts. Implications for intervention are also discussed.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
A recently proposed dual process theory of moral decision-making posits that utilitarian reasoning (approving of harmful actions that maximize good consequences) is the result of cognitive control of ...emotion. This suggests that deficits in emotional awareness will contribute to increased utilitarianism. The present study explored the relative contributions of the different facets of alexithymia and the closely related constructs of emotional intelligence and mood awareness to utilitarian decision making. Participants (
N
= 86) completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Trait Meta Mood Scale, the Mood Awareness Scale, and a series of high-conflict, personal moral dilemmas validated by
Greene et al. (2008)
. A brief neuropsychological battery was also administered to assess the possible confounds of verbal reasoning and abstract thinking ability. Principal components analysis revealed two latent factors-clarity of emotion and attention to emotion-which cut across all three meta-emotion instruments. Of these, low clarity of emotion-reflecting difficulty in reasoning thoughtfully about one's emotions-predicted utilitarian outcomes and provided unique variance beyond that of verbal and abstract reasoning abilities. Results are discussed in the context of individual differences in emotion regulation.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
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Artificial Intelligence LAWRENCE, DAVID R; PALACIOS-GONZÃLEZ, CÉSAR; HARRIS, JOHN
Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics,
04/2016, Volume:
25, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
It seems natural to think that the same prudential and ethical reasons for mutual respect and tolerance that one has vis-à-vis other human persons would hold toward newly encountered paradigmatic but ...nonhuman biological persons. One also tends to think that they would have similar reasons for treating we humans as creatures that count morally in our own right. This line of thought transcends biological boundaries--namely, with regard to artificially (super)intelligent persons--but is this a safe assumption? The issue concerns ultimate moral significance: the significance possessed by human persons, persons from other planets, and hypothetical nonorganic persons in the form of artificial intelligence (AI). This article investigates why our possible relations to AI persons could be more complicated than they first might appear, given that they might possess a radically different nature to us, to the point that civilized or peaceful coexistence in a determinate geographical space could be impossible to achieve.
Recent reviews of moral development theory (
Gibbs, Basinger, Grime, & Snarey, 2007) demonstrate that revisionist theoretical perspectives have cross cultural validity, but moral development in ...relation to people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) has not been considered within this literature. A structured review of the published literature relating to children, adolescents and adults with IDs, and moral development was carried out. Twenty studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found. The review indicated that people with IDs may not progress through the developmental stages of moral reasoning as quickly as typically developing peers, or reach the more advanced stages. This difference from non-disabled peers tends to disappear if groups are matched on some measure of cognitive ability. However, the studies are fraught with methodological problems and there is a need for further research, given the theoretical developments within the area of moral development, including the evidence of a relationship between moral development and anti-social behaviour amongst typically developing children and adolescents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
What is moral reasoning? Saunders, Leland F.
Philosophical psychology,
01/2015, Volume:
28, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
What role does moral reasoning play in moral judgment? More specifically, what causal role does moral reasoning have in the production of moral judgments? Recently, many philosophers and ...psychologists have attempted to answer this question by drawing on empirical data. However, these attempts fall short because there has been no sustained attention to the question of what moral reasoning is. This paper addresses this problem, by providing a general account of moral reasoning in terms of a capacity, and suggests how this account of moral reasoning can provide a way forward in current debates.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Friends’ moral characteristics such as their moral reasoning represent an important social contextual factor for children’s behavioral socialization. Guided by this assumption, we compared the ...effects of children’s and friends’ moral reasoning on their aggressive behavior in a low-risk sample of elementary school children. Peer nominations and teacher reports were used to assess children’s aggressive behavior and friendships. During individual interviews, moral reasoning was measured by justifications following moral judgments and moral emotion attributions. Results revealed that, compared to individuals’ moral reasoning, friends’ moral reasoning was more consistently related to children’s aggressive behavior. Moreover, friends’ aggressive behavior mediated the relationship between friends’ moral reasoning and children’s aggressive behavior. The findings provide evidence for the important role that friends’ moral development plays in children’s behavioral socialization, and highlight the need for integrated, systematic approaches to moral development and friendship relations.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper examines whether organizational levels of owner/partner, CPA manager, supervisor and other audit staff are associated with institutional logics of auditors in large Danish audit firms. Our ...findings identify the presence of the professional logic and commercial logic with the professional logic being two explicit logics of a fiduciary and a technical-expertise logic. The organizational levels of CPA manager, supervisor and other staff are significant in explaining the presence of the technical-expertise logic, but not the fiduciary logic. Higher moral reasoning of auditors and being a female are significantly associated with the presence of the fiduciary logic. All four organizational levels are significant in explaining the identified commercial logic with further tests indicating that partners place more emphasis than supervisors on the commercial logic. Additional tests examine whether moral reasoning is associated with the professional fiduciary, professional technical-expertise and commercial logics and whether organizational levels explain moral reasoning. We find that a higher professional fiduciary logic is associated with higher auditor moral reasoning. In contrast, lower moral reasoning is associated with higher professional technical-expertise and commercial logics. In addition, increased audit experience is associated with lower moral reasoning.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent neuroimaging studies suggest lateralized cerebral mechanisms in the right temporal parietal junction are involved in complex social and moral reasoning, such as ascribing beliefs to others. ...Based on this evidence, we tested 3 anterior-resected and 3 complete callosotomy patients along with 22 normal subjects on a reasoning task that required verbal moral judgments. All 6 patients based their judgments primarily on the outcome of the actions, disregarding the beliefs of the agents. The similarity in performance between complete and partial callosotomy patients suggests that normal judgments of morality require full interhemispheric integration of information critically supported by the right temporal parietal junction and right frontal processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Introduction People live in groups and by cooperating with each other they obtain various benefits. Because life condition is dangerous and unpredictable, cooperation and partnership for survival is ...very valuable (Haynde, 2001). Indeed, the material and spiritual life of each society is dependent on the existence of people who have internalized moral values and try to serve others by prosocial behaviors. Stable people who are less affected by situations and conditions, may behave more according to their own moral values and standards, enjoying a high level of shared responsibility (Schuvartz, 1976). Shared responsibility is a valuable, protective and helpful behavior for people or groups which is based on commitment (Tome, 1999, Schuvartz, 1994) and includes different moral and actual aspects and considers the outcomes of every single act. Human beings react responsibly when they act according to moral perspectives and accepts that are responsible for outcomes of their actions (Avhagen, 2001). We define prosocial behavior in terms of four clear aspects including putting ourselves in others' place conceptionally, socially and emotionally. Beside these three points, moral reasoning is added as a conceptual scale in this study. Paying attention to others, social responsibility and piety can be summarized as paying attention to other's issues more than one's issues. Previous studies show that people who help others have high internal control standards and value moral commitments more than others (Emler, 1974). Altruism, as a type of prosocial behavior stems from, like responsibility, internal standards and sympathy. During the course of history a great number of people have defended their countries and made great sacrifices for defending their homelands, but history does not remember any period like the 8-year war between Iran and Iraq in which Iranian soldiers defended borders of their country and its religious authority in such a courageous way that is unprecedented, without any kind of compromise (Salmani 2008). It was a defense which has essentially shown high levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors not just in words but in practice. The purpose of this research is to study the amount of prosocial behaviors and levels of moral reasoning among two groups of veterans and released war prisoners of this holy defense war. Methods and Materials This research is a retrospective research (causal comparison- after event). Statistical population of this research includes all veterans and released war prisoners of the 8-year holy defense and citizens who were older than 20 years old in Isfahan city in the 1388. By using random sampling method 80 citizens of Isfahan were chosen. Of this number, 40 were veterans (20 ex-soldiers and 20 released war prisoners), and 40 were ordinary citizens older than 20 years old. In this research, veterans are individuals who participated in Iran-Iraq war who, according to the Institute of Martyr and Veterans, have been injured physically-psychologically or have been captured and are now recognized as released prisoner. The number of statistical sample was calculated by moral judgment test of Kohlberg and prosocial behavior questionnaire. The method of performing test contains stories that were read by researchers for participants and they were asked to answer questions in written format by yes or no and then provide their reason for the answers they gave. It was emphasized that the reason they give is very important for measurement. After going through this section, participants answered questions related to prosocial behaviors. The results were collected and analyzed statistically to see if research hypotheses are significant. Overall, this research includes 7 main hypotheses as follow: 1) The level of moral reasoning is significantly correlated with the level of prosocial behaviors. 2) The level of moral reasoning of veterans is different from that of other citizens of Isfahan. 3) The amount of prosocial behavior of veterans is different from that of other citizens of Isfahan. 4) The level of moral reasoning of released war prisoners is different from that of other citizens of Isfahan. 5) The amount of prosocial behavior of released war prisoners is different from that of other citizens of Isfahan. 6) The level of moral reasoning of released war prisoners is different from that of the veterans. 7) The amount of prosocial behavior of released war prisoners is different from that of the veterans. Table 1 show s correlation tests between prosocial behavior and moral reasoning. Table 1- The Correlation between Prosocial Behavior and Moral Reasoning The level of significance The amount of correlation Statistical index/variables 0/001 0/73 The level of moral reasoning and the amount of prosocial behaviors Discussion of Results and Conclusions The first hypothesis of research is approved. There is a significant correlation between the levels of moral reasoning and the amount of prosocial behaviors in the sense that by increasing levels of moral reasoning, the amount of prosocial behaviors also increases. According to Kohlberg theory, the higher the level of moral reasoning, the more attention to others' rights. People who do get involved in moral reasoning in higher levels, respect others' interests more than their own interests. It is also the same when it comes to prosocial behavior. Altruistic people behave in such a way that satisfy others' interests even if their own interests remain unsatisfied and even if they get heart as a result of performing prosocial behavior. Table 2 - The Results of Covariance Analysis Comparing Levels of Moral Reasoning And Prosocial Behaviors between War Veterans and Ordinary Citizens The average of squares The degree of freedom The amount of difference The a mount of significance The statistical power The level of moral reasoning 9/68 1 39/7 0/001 1 Prosocial behaviors 1/86 1 0/54 0/001 1 Table 3- The Results of Covariance Analysis Comparing Levels of Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behaviors between Released War Prisoners and Ordinary Citizens The average of squares The degree of freeness The amount of difference The a mount of significance The statistical power The level of moral reasoning 13/34 1 0/50 0/001 1 Desirable social behaviors 2/43 1 0/64 0/001 1 The results of testing hypotheses 2 to 5 indicate that there are significant relationships between levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors. In fact, war veterans and released war prisoners tend to show more prosocial behavior and higher levels of moral reasoning in comparison to ordinary citizens. Likewise, there is a positive relationship between increasing or decreasing levels of moral reasoning and the amount of altruistic behaviors. This is the same thing that Kohlberg addressed in his theory of socially desirable moral reasoning. According to Kohlberg's theory, growth of knowledge leads to preference for moral reasoning, but Hoffman said that it is sympathy that may lead to moral reasoning. Table 4- Results of Covariance Analysis Comparing Levels of Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior between War Veterans and Released War Prisoners The average of squares The degree of freeness The amount of difference The a mount of significance The statistical power The level of moral reasoning 0/41 1 0/07 0/93 0/39 Desirable social behaviors 0/04 1 0/027 0/126 0/61 The results of testing hypotheses 6 and 7 show that there is no significance difference between the two groups of veterans and released prisoners. Altruism can be effective in increasing levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behavior, but it was not an effective factor in classification of veterans of the holy defense in this research.
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