This article is devoted to studying the detailed income structure of Polish municipalities in the years 2019–2021. The general structure of municipalities’ income is examined in a broader time ...horizon (2004–2021). The theoretical section focuses on the characteristics of municipalities’ income, with particular emphasis on tax income, the level of which depends to a large extent on the financial situation of enterprises. The research section is based on data from the Central Statistical Office. The article concludes that in the years 2019–2021, the income situation of municipalities did not deteriorate as much as was predicted. However, it is noted that the income structure of municipalities is changing, and the share of their own income is decreasing; this may lead to a significant reduction in their financial independence.
This volume focuses on the pottery classes of the 'Entangled Tradition', recovered at the settlement of the 'Serraglio' on Kos during the early Late Bronze Age period. The results reveal new ...information on the chronology, typology, and decoration of Koan Painted Fine (PF) and Painted Medium-Coarse to Coarse (PMC-C) ceramics.
O objetivo deste artigo é iluminar limites do federalismo simétrico no Brasil, onde o Município tornou-se responsável pela execução de políticas sociais descentralizadas, além de sua competência pela ...política urbana, para a qual poderia contar com o uso fiscal e extrafiscal do seu principal tributo imobiliário, o IPTU. Após a introdução, o artigo discute a política urbana e a competência municipal, situando o Município no federalismo simétrico e o papel do IPTU como instrumento para financiar e ordenar a política urbana. Em seguida, apresenta-se um estudo sobre o desempenho deste tributo no contexto das finanças dos municípios brasileiros divididos entre 4 categorias ao longo da década 2010-2019, buscando avaliar sua possível associação com os investimentos, além de comparação entre as despesas com as funções de desenvolvimento urbano e as de saúde e educação. Encontrou-se evidência de menor comprometimento do orçamento municipal com desenvolvimento urbano, mesmo diante da elevação da receita do IPTU, o que também implica considerar sua ineficácia quanto ao uso extrafiscal para fins de política urbana. Apesar de generalizado, esse resultado pode ser visto da perspectiva dos diferentes grupos de municípios, o que permitiu iluminar de que maneira as desigualdades entre os municípios brasileiros produziriam tensões ao federalismo brasileiro simétrico. Nesse caso a retomada do protagonismo dos estados como articuladores seria um dos caminhos possíveis para, dentro desse modelo federativo, minimizar as desigualdades, a fim de oferecer melhores respostas às atribuições constitucionais dos municípios, bem como às expectativas de cidadania.
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Research on ecosystem services (ESs) has increased substantially in recent decades, but the findings have been slow to affect actual management, perhaps because most studies to date have neglected ...ESs supply and demand coupling mechanisms. Human reliance on ESs is due to the capacity of the landscape to supply services, but also to a societal need for these services. Sustainable land management requires supply and demand mismatches to be reconciled and the needs of different stakeholders to be balanced. Explicit spatial mapping of ESs supply and demand associated with land use changes can provide relevant insights for enhancing land management in urban areas. The emphasis is now shifting to enhancing sustainable land use, to ensure that supply meets or exceeds demand. In this study, a comprehensive framework comprising four core steps for quantifying ESs supply and demand changes associated with land use changes was developed and applied in a case study on Shanghai municipality, on the basis of environmental quality standards and policy goals. The balance thresholds of ESs supply and demand were derived by regression analysis between ESs and land use/land cover types. The results revealed large spatial heterogeneity in supply and demand for four key ESs tested: carbon sequestration, water retention, particulate (PM10) removal and recreation. Carbon sequestration, water retention and recreation services all showed major shortfalls in supply that changed dramatically with urban land use change. This is valuable empirical evidence and has timely policy implications for management in a rapid urbanising world.
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•Framework for linking ecosystem services supply and demand is presented.•PM10 removal service is in a state of surplus while the other three have shortfalls.•The ecosystem services assessed had spatial heterogeneity in supply and demand.•The balance thresholds of ecosystem services supply and demand were derived.•Countermeasures to help reduce shortfalls and mismatches are suggested.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Extended Abstract AbstractThe effectiveness and efficiency of managers basically depends on their competence, skill, level of knowledge, insight and abilities, and due to the importance of these ...factors in the success of managers, a continuous search and continuous effort is made to find and train those who have this type of competence, ability and skill. to turn them into effective managers and useful leaders is ongoing. A mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) has been used in this research. The theme analysis method is used in the qualitative part. First, interviews were conducted with 25 professors, managers and experts of Mashhad Municipality. Then the collected data was analyzed using NVivo software. Based on the results of the analysis of interviews with the members of the expert group, the model of meritocracy of Mashhad municipal managers has 122 free codes, which were categorized into 15 core codes and 4 optional codes.Further, based on the results obtained from the qualitative part, a questionnaire was compiled and after verifying its validity and reliability, it was given to the members of the examined sample (348 employees (official, contract and contracted), Mashhad Municipality). Based on the results of structural equations; Individual competence with a coefficient of 0.87 has the greatest impact on the construction of the meritocracy model in Mashhad municipality. Also, the lack of evaluation system with a coefficient of 0.81 is the most important obstacle to meritocracy in Mashhad municipality. Introduction One of the foundations of development and competent governance in any society and country is the administrative system, evaluation, the quality of appointment and dismissal of managers, and human resource management. Other researchers have concluded in their studies that competency-based leadership is a system that implies the application of rules and the use of science and logic (not relationships and emotions) in selections and appointments so that individuals are chosen based on their capabilities and skills. Equal opportunities are given to all candidates, discrimination is prevented, and scientific tools are used to assess and evaluate people's talents and capabilities. The research issue has two aspects: first, the competency-based leadership of managers, and second, city management with a cultural city approach for better governance of the second-largest metropolis in Iran, Mashhad. Mashhad was recognized as the cultural capital by UNESCO in 2017. The researcher's concern is that city management in Mashhad, as a cultural city in Iran and the world, faces challenges and issues in the establishment of the competency system in the process of employing managers, the evaluation system, appointment and dismissal, efficiency, and the like, which we need to investigate regarding the dimensions and components of the competency-based leadership model.Despite the extensive efforts made to identify the dimensions and components of the competency model for managers in organizations, less applied and empirical research has been conducted on the competency model needed for managers with a cultural city approach. The fundamental issue in Mashhad Municipality has been that due to the lack of a competency-based leadership model for managers in appointment, promotion, evaluation, and career advancement, the city is highly administratively expensive, and the large organization of the municipality is unable to optimally utilize all human, financial, and managerial resources for the progress and establishment of the cultural city of Mashhad.Case study The researcher aims to fill this theoretical gap by identifying and presenting the competency-based leadership model for managers in Mashhad Municipality. In explaining the importance and necessity of the subject, two theoretical and practical gaps can be mentioned. This means that other researchers in Iran and the world, as we will discuss in the following sections, have focused on research on competency models for managers in organizations but we face a lack of research and study in the context of municipalities, especially the metropolis of Mashhad. We aim to demonstrate that due to the absence of a competency-based leadership model for managers in Mashhad Municipality, a hierarchy system has mainly replaced competency-based leadership. In the practical gap, the presentation of this model can assist the officials of Mashhad Municipality in establishing a competency-based system, appointing managers based on competence, proper performance assessment, and career advancement.Materials and Methods This research aims to design a competency-based leadership model with a cultural city approach in Mashhad Municipality. In this research, a mixed research method was used. Initially, interviews were conducted with 25 professors, managers, and experts of Mashhad Municipality. The collected information was analyzed using NVivo software. Based on the results of the interviews with the expert group members, the competency-based leadership model for Mashhad Municipality has 122 free codes, categorized into 15 axial codes and 4 select codes. After conducting interviews and designing questionnaires, the quantitative part of the research began. The statistical population of this section included all employees (official, contractual, and temporary) of Mashhad Municipality in 2020, with a total of 2,667 individuals. Using the Cochran sampling formula, 384 individuals were selected as the research sample. A two-stage stratified sampling method was used to select the sample members proportionally.Discussion and Results The results of the structural equations that were done using Amos software showed that in order to establish the meritocracy model of managers in Mashhad municipality, attention to four main categories (individual, managerial, occupational and value) seems necessary. The most important obstacle in the realization of meritocracy in Mashhad municipality is the weakness of the evaluation system (urban management and cultural city approach).Also, individual competence with a coefficient of 0.87 has the greatest impact on the construction of meritocracy model in Mashhad municipality. The most important obstacle in meritocracy research is the lack of an evaluation system in urban organization and management, the capital and the cultural city (cultural approach), which was examined in the form of two main dimensions of obstacles and characteristics; It showed that the most important cultural obstacle is the lack of coordination and the existence of ambiguity in the duties of the trustees and the most important feature should be taken into account; Paying attention to urban services
Background: The study aimed to investigate the influence of poverty on female youth prostitution in Kigongi Ward, Kabale Municipality. The study was guided by specific objectives, which include the ...influence of poverty on female youth prostitution, the experiences and perspectives of the female youth involved in prostitution, and the degree to which poverty influences prostitution among female youths in Kigongi Ward, Kabale Municipality. Methodology: This study adopted a case study research design utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Using simple random and purposive sampling techniques, a total of 100 respondents were used in the study. Results: It was found that a majority of 30% of the respondents reported that a woman might live a simple life or earn a lot of money as a prostitute, while 20% of the respondents mentioned parental neglect and youth laziness as the factors that push female youth into prostitution. Also, (30%) of respondents mentioned that prostitution affects a community's reputation, standard of living, and property. On the degree to which poverty influences prostitution among female youths, the majority of the respondents (45%) said that poverty causes female youth prostitution in Kigongi Ward. Conclusion: It was concluded that poverty contributes majorly to female youth prostitution in the Kigongi ward of Kabale Municipality. And there is no supportive empowerment policy that can alleviate poverty. Recommendation: People from developing nations must be given legal chances to migrate, with consideration for the economic interests of both the receiving nation and the immigrants themselves.
Se efectúa un análisis comparativo de las acciones de participación ciudadana en la redacción del Avance del Plan General de Ordenación Urbana (PGOU) en dos ciudades con similar población: ...Vitoria-Gasteiz y Cartagena. En Vitoria-Gasteiz la redacción del Avance se dilató once años, con procesos de participación salteados temporalmente, mientras que en Cartagena se redactó en menos de un año y la participación se redujo a un periodo de unos pocos meses. La información generada por los ciudadanos en ambos programas fue de gran calidad, concretando demandas y/o propuestas vecinales. Siguiendo una serie de ítems definitorios se analizan comparativamente ambos procesos y se concluye realizando una revisión crítica de los aspectos que deberían corregirse para mejorar tanto los procesos de participación como la incorporación en la figura de planeamiento de la información generada en ellos.
El territorio de los estados modernos europeos se articulaba en su base en torno a dos instituciones básicas jurisdicción y concejos. El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una visión integral de esta ...articulación para el reino de Castilla. A través del Catastro de Ensenad y los censos de Aranda y Floridablanca se proporciona una radiografía general de su entramado administrativo, jurisdiccionalización, señorialización y el fenómeno municipal.
The municipality activities that began with the establishment of the “Şehremaneti” in 1854 in the Ottoman Empire, had undergone many changes with the laws enacted until the proclamation of the ...Republic of Turkey and consisted of organizations spreading all over the provinces of the Empire. The Sixth District (Altıncı Daire-i Belediye), established in 1857, set an example to provincial municipalities which became widespread immediately after the enactment of the “Tuna (Danube) Provincial Regulation” (Tuna Vilayeti Nizamnamesi) in 1864. Among the municipal organizations in question, the existence of the Ankara municipality from as early as 1866 is known. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and Ankara becoming the capital city, the municipality of Ankara was transformed into the Istanbul-based Şehremaneti in 1924. The municipality of Ankara, which had served as “Şehremaneti” until the enactment of the Municipality Law of 1930, was established to fulfill the physical needs of the capital. The subject of this paper is the Ankara municipality building which is not extant today and the archive documents related to the building. The significance of the Ankara Municipality Building is increasing as it is the only building among the Ottoman municipal buildings in Anatolia of which the original plan scheme survived until today. Moreover, the old photographs of the building enable us to ascertain the architectural character of the structure and to evaluate the structure within the architectural orientation of its period.
Abstract
The article presents the issues of local identity. One of the main objectives was to indicate how to determine the local identity of councilors of municipalities and counties on the basis of ...three selected indicators. The article consists of three parts. The first will present the theoretical foundations of identity and its types. The second part shows how it can determine the local identity. The third part is empirical. The study, carried out with the use of a questionnaire, covered the councilors of the city of Lublin, the council of lubelski county, and councilors from 8 municipalities included in lubelski county. The electoral terms 2002–2006 and 2014–2018 were selected for the analysis. The quantitative and descriptive methods were used in the study. The analysis of the research shows that the overwhelming majority of councilors show local identification, but its territorial range is different and not only at the municipality and county level.
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