The subject of this article is the procedure for selecting a saint of the Roman Catholic Church patron saint for the city, municipality or wider territory. The establishment of a patron saint is ...within the competence of the confessional authority, in particular, the bishop and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sac-raments. The procedure consists of three stages: the election, acknowledgement and affirmation of the patron saint. The church’s current regulations regarding the election of patron saints are contained in two documents of the Holy See. The municipal council, the poviat council and the assembly of the province pass a res-olution on the patron at the stage of his election by the society and the clergy. The above-mentioned authorities do not take part in the next two stages. Entities of territorial self-government only have a supporting vote. They cannot independently establish a patron saint, regardless of the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities. The position of administrative courts that the resolutions of the constitutive au-thorities of entities of territorial self-government belong to the category of public administration matters is unjustified. The decree of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments is addressed to a given diocese and not to local self-government authorities. The patron saint is established for a city, mu-nicipality, poviat, or for an area that does not have administrative borders. Entities of territorial self-government must respect the autonomy of the church authorities, and public authorities should be impartial in religious matters. Therefore, entities of territorial self-government do not have the competence to establish a patron saint for the promotion of a municipality, district or self-government of the voivodship. However, they can refer to saint persons at the symbolic level, for example, in the coat of arms or the names of streets and squares. This also applies to schools and hospitals run by local self-government authorities.
This study proposes a general standard for the circular economy (CE), and estimates a multidimensional parametric index composed of eight components which is in line with the principles of a circular ...economy. The concept and index are used for evaluating the practices of a circular economy at the municipality level. The index is regressed on a number of indicators influencing the level and development of circular economy. The empirical analysis is based on data from 273 municipalities in Sweden observed 2012–18. The results suggest that there are significant differences between the municipalities in the CE index and its sub-components. Variations in the index's level are mainly attributed to their regional location, population size and density, concentration of industries, and investment programs in the circular economy's infrastructure. At a disaggregate level, the municipalities of Gotland, Härjedalen, and Mörbylånga performed well in the CE index. In contrast, Stockholm, Uppsala, and Burlöv municipalities had the lowest ranks in the CE index. The index had a growth rate of 9.7 percent over 7 years at an average annual growth rate of 1.3 percent. One policy implication of these results is that each municipality should implement a policy adapted to the sectorial structure of its economy and availability of resources. The central government should apply strict environmental regulations and provide necessary incentives for achieving environmental quality objectives. Incentive programs can target a wider application of technologies and policies used by the best performing municipalities and provide support in transferring knowledge and resources for strengthening the weak performing municipalities.
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This paper analyses the impact of cooperative banks on local economic development. Italian municipality data indicate that cooperative banks - more than conventional banks - are associated with ...enhanced income, employment and firms' growth rates. This evidence is consistent with several other studies indicating a distinct role of cooperative banks in supporting traditional credit provision to local borrowers.
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•The ECU and GEL makes the largest share of contribution to the system of URB and GEE, respectively.•The coupling coordination has shown a continuous growth trend, and has transitioned to coupling ...coordination from disorder, from 1990 to 2015.•The coupling coordination of 38 districts has undergone significant regional differences in 2015.•Four kinds of sustainable development models of URB and GEE are proposed for mountain cities.
Geo-ecological environment has extremely complex relations with urbanization, and thus summarizing the evolution trend, time rules and spatial differences from the aspect of time and space contributes to the coordinating development between the two. Taking Chongqing municipality as the case study, this paper selects appropriate indicators in the perspective of time and space, and utilizes the coupling coordination evaluation models (CCD) and GIS spatial methods to analyze the correlation degree, coupling degree and coordination degree. The results show that: (1) the Economic urbanization (0.37) and Greening ecological level (0.28) make the largest share of contribution to the system of urbanization and Geo-ecological environment, respectively. From 1990 to 2015, the coupling coordination in Chongqing has shown a continuous growth trend, and has transitioned to moderate and favorable coupling coordination from disorder. (2) The coupling coordination in 2015 has undergone significant regional differences. The coupling coordination in more developed areas (western Chongqing) was generally higher than in less developed areas (northeastern and southeastern Chongqing). (3) Moreover, four kinds of sustainable development pattern are proposed according to research conclusion and reality problems, including the ecological industry development model, cultural tourism integration model, industry-city integration model and life service model.
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Assimilation, Resilience, and Survival illustrates how
settler colonialism propelled U.S. government programs designed to
assimilate generations of Native children at the Stewart Indian
School ...(1890-1980). The school opened in Carson City, Nevada, in
1890 and embraced its mission to destroy the connections between
Native children and their lands, isolate them from their families,
and divorce them from their cultures and traditions. Newly enrolled
students were separated from their families, had their appearances
altered, and were forced to speak only English. However, as
Samantha M. Williams uncovers, numerous Indigenous students and
their families subverted school rules, and tensions arose between
federal officials and the local authorities charged with
implementing boarding school policies. The first book on the
history of the Stewart Indian School, Assimilation, Resilience,
and Survival reveals the experiences of generations of Stewart
School alumni and their families, often in their own words.
Williams demonstrates how Indigenous experiences at the school
changed over time and connects these changes with Native American
activism and variations in federal policy. Williams's research
uncovers numerous instances of abuse at Stewart, and
Assimilation, Resilience, and Survival addresses both the
trauma of the boarding school experience and the resilience of
generations of students who persevered there under the most
challenging of circumstances.
The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study conducted using a questionnaire in February 2023, which aimed to reveal the peculiarities of the legal status of the ...mayors of Lithuanian municipalities in the presence of two different municipal structure models (the model that was applied from March 2015 to April 1, 2023, and the model that has been applied since April 1, 2023). The idea of conducting this research arose just a few weeks before the regular municipal council and mayoral elections took place on March 5, 2023, a few months before the new Local Self-Government Law came into force on April 1, 2023. This law introduced a new municipal structure model and changed the dominant role of the mayor in Lithuanian municipalities. This research is unique because of the target group chosen for it – only the ten mayors of Lithuanian municipalities who have served in these positions for four or more terms (20 or more years) were consulted. The results of the research show that: the mayors have a good understanding of the specifics of the new municipal structure applied since April 1, 2023; and the mayors are essentially prepared to take on a new role (the role of the municipal executive institution), replacing their previous role (the role of the chairman of the municipal council). However, the fact that the mayor of the municipality, who continues to be the organizer of municipal council meetings (the other role of the mayor of a Lithuanian municipality), will not have the right to vote when the municipal council makes decisions at its meeting is cause for concern. Mayors are also worried about the different interpretations regarding the possibility of transferring part of their powers to vice mayors (political appointees). The results of this research could be useful for improving the legal regulation of the powers of municipal institutions (both municipal councils and municipal mayors, in terms of the scope, composition, transfer and delegation of powers to other municipal entities) and the relations between these institutions.
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The paper presents the results of the study, the purpose and practical input of which was the analysis and evaluation of municipal governments, including the identification of municipalities best ...developed in socio-economic terms in conditions of data uncertainty. To this end, factors with a significant impact on the concept of territorial development were identified. For the purpose of the analysis, the variables were adopted that were related to various spheres of municipal development, including the social, economic, infrastructural, environmental and administrative ones. The study used such methods and exploration techniques as: desk research analysis, critical analysis of the literature on the subject, methods of economic analysis and methods of multidimensional comparative analysis. The uncertainty of data was caused, among other things, by the fact that the study did not take into account the effect of barriers hampering development processes and focused exclusively on variables whose highest values indicated the most effective use of development stimulating factors. Moreover, the diversification of the municipalities' endogenous potential was not included in the considerations. The above reasons seem to confirm the study results that found two municipalities: Kołobrzeg and Świnoujście to be the best developed in socio-economic terms. In the period under analysis the values of the diagnostic variables of both municipalities were the most similar to the benchmark municipality. The explanation for the results can be found, among others, in the high endogenic potential of both municipalities, especially in comparison with other coastal municipalities of the West Pomeranian Voivodship. The study contributes to further in-depth research on the best method of selecting variables for analyzing the development of municipalities. Future research in this field should be focused on identifying the best method of selecting diagnostic features where some features are uncertain or imprecise.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The circumstances for conducted this study was a life level assessment in the aspect of mountain community economic development, as well as the safety level at work in the agriculture and in the ...local industry. The key issue in such places is tourism, which results mainly from natural resources. The studies were performed on a sample of 200 randomly selected inhabitants of the municipalities and 100 tourists. The survey consisted of 15 questions (6 open and 9 closed ones). The findings of the survey show that among the most developmental directions of economy, according to the inhabitants of the two compared municipalities, were tourism and agritourism. Also, most tourists have decided that the natural advantages of the municipalities encourage them to visit both regions. The multi-criteria analysis showed that municipality B is characterized by a higher quality of environment and higher landscape values than the other. Similarly, the natural environment was assessed by the inhabitants of both communes. The greatest problem in both municipalities was unsatisfactory air quality, while the greatest problem of safety at work was pain in the lumbar spine, around the neck and shoulder line. Besides, only 13% (region A) and 6,1% (region B) of the expenditures constituted financial support for the municipal economy, the environmental protection and healthcare. Results from the data analysis show that the described municipalities have significant chances for systematic development in spite of numerous current problems, among which the most important one is unemployment.
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