•CTAB modified NCC was investigated for the binding of curcumin.•Significant amount of curcumin was bound on the CTAB modified NCC.•The binding efficiency of curcumin was dependent on the ...concentration of CTAB.•As the concentration of CTAB increased, the binding efficiency was decreased.
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) extracted from lignocellulosic materials has been actively investigated as a drug delivery excipients due to its large surface area, high aspect ratio, and biodegradability. In this study, the hydrophobically modified NCC was used as a drug delivery excipient of hydrophobic drug curcumin. The modification of NCC with a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to modulate the loading of hydrophobic drugs that would not normally bind to NCC. The FTIR, Elemental analysis, XRD, TGA, and TEM were used to confirm the modification of NCC with CTAB. The effect of concentration of CTAB on the binding efficiency of hydrophobic drug curcumin was investigated. The amounts of curcumin bound onto the CTAB–NCC nanoparticles were analyzed by UV–vis Spectrophotometric. The result showed that the modified CTAB–NCC bound a significant amount of curcumin, in a range from 80% to 96% curcumin added. Nevertheless, at higher concentration of CTAB resulted in lower binding efficiency.
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•Usage of biodegradable polymer such as cellulose in drug delivery.•Cellulose derivatives, method of preparation and advantages are carried together.•Studies not listed in recent reviews of 2019 are ...listed here.•Applications of cellulose derivatives in pharmaceutics are reported.
Development of effective drug delivery systems by the exploitation of biocompatible, inert nanomaterials has become the thrust areas of research in medicinal chemistry. Out of various materials of significance, one is nanocrystalline cellulose due to its biocompatibility and inertness. Further its surface modification can also be accomplished using variety of methods. In the present review we have compiled different types of nanocellulose and their use as drug delivery systems. The review recapitulate the literature not reported in recent reviews of 2019 and 2020. The review is focused on method of preparation of nanocellulose and its application in oral, transdermal and local drug delivery systems. Limitations and advantages of surface modified nanocellulose is also discussed.
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The dynamic batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB), a widely used and toxic dye, onto nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and crushed powder of carbon monolith (CM) was investigated using the ...pseudo-first- and -second-order kinetics. CM outperformed NCC with a maximum capacity of 127 mg/g compared to 101 mg/g for NCC. The Langmuir isotherm model was applicable for describing the binding data for MB on CM and NCC, indicating the homogeneous surface of these two materials. The Gibbs free energy of −15.22 kJ/mol estimated for CM unravelled the spontaneous nature of this adsorbent for MB, appreciably faster than the use of NCC (−4.47 kJ/mol). Both pH and temperature exhibited only a modest effect on the adsorption of MB onto CM. The desorption of MB from CM using acetonitrile was very effective with more than 94 % of MB desorbed from CM within 10 min to allow the reusability of this porous carbon material. In contrast, acetonitrile was less effective than ethanol in desorbing MB from NCC. The two solvents were incapable of completely desorbing MB on commercial granular coal-derived activated carbon.
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•The porous aerogels have low density and high porosity.•The aerogels exhibit excellent absorptive capacity of oil and reusability.•The chlorinated aerogels show excellent ...antibacterial property against bacteria.•The as-prepared aerogels have potential application in water treatment.
An N-halamine precursor monomer, cyanuric chloride (CYCH), was attached onto nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) was used as a crosslinking agent to prepare hydrogels based on the modified nanocrystalline cellulose. The aerogels were obtained by freeze-drying the hydrogels followed by chlorination. Microscopic investigation of the morphology revealed that the aerogels were porous with three-dimensional web-like microstructure. Their hydrophobic properties were efficient in removing dodecane spills from water. The response of the chlorinated aerogels challenged against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) showed their potent antimicrobial activities in killing these two bacterial species. Their properties of being ultralight, highly porous, hydrophobic, reusable, superabsorbing, and antibacterial efficient render these aerogels promising materials for cleaning up oil spills and inactivating bacteria.
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The use of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as a renewable and green biomaterial in diverse value-added applications has roused substantial interest. Sourcing NCCs from the abundantly available ...non-woody biomass becomes attractive due to its high cellulose content and low cost. Acid hydrolysis using mineral acids has been widely explored as a facile, low-cost, and efficient way of isolating NCCs. Still, the technical aspect of the extraction procedure is lacking. This review gathers the available knowledge on the NCC extraction using hydrolysis with mineral acids from non-woody biomass and provides a critical overview of the extraction parameters to be considered from the feedstocks and related pretreatment to the final hydrolysis procedure. To fulfill an operationally feasible production of NCCs, this review shares considerations and challenges on the biomass characteristics and pretreatment as well as hydrolysis parameters for optimizing NCC production and tailoring its application.
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•NCCs are flocculated and have lower percolation threshold in PVA solution.•NCCs have stronger electrostatic repulsion with CMC chain in CMC solution.•NCC suspension has weak strain overshoot in PVA ...solution during LAOS flow.•NCC suspension has stronger stress overshoot in CMC solution in startup flow.•Two suspensions show strain-scaled stress overshoot behavior in startup flow.
Rheological behavior, including linear and nonlinear, as well as transient rheology of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) suspensions was studied in this work. Two kinds of polymer solutions, aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with flexible chain structure and aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with semi-rigid chain structure, were used as the suspension media to further explore the role that the interactions among NCC and polymers played during shear flow. The results reveal that NCC has lower values of percolation threshold in the PVA solution than in the CMC one during small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) flow because the flexible PVA chain has higher adsorbed level onto NCC particles than the negatively charged semi-rigid CMC chain, which is further confirmed by the Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy tests. As a result, the NCC suspension shows a weak strain overshoot in PVA solution during large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow, which cannot be seen on the one in CMC solution. During startup shear flow, both of these two suspensions show evident stress overshoot behavior with the strain-scaling characteristics, indicating the formation of ordered long-term structure of rod-like NCC particles with self-similarity during flow. However, NCC suspension have far stronger stress overshoot response in CMC solution relative to the one in PVA solution. A possible synergy mechanism between NCC and CMC chain is hence proposed.
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The quest for more renewable and biodegradable materials currently represents a scientific key focus to combat the massive maneuver of non-sustainable products. Lignocellulosic feedstocks are rich in ...cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which, when recovered and separated, can give rise to innovative value-added products. Cellulose at the micro (MCC) and nanosized crystalline particles (CNC) are suitable examples of bioproducts that provide applications in many distinctive areas. The insertion of these homogeneously scattered particles, as a reinforcement agent, into the chitosan (Ch) films, is seen as a promising possibility to surpass the shortcomings associated with bioplastics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to test a combination of MCC and CNC obtained from biomass from giant reed (Arundo donax L.), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and, miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu.) as reinforcement agents in Ch films. Extraction of MCC and CNC was carried out via an alkaline pre-treatment approach followed by acid hydrolysis. The particles were incorporated in Ch at different rates (1.5 %, 2 %, and 2.5 % w/w of chitosan), and the resultant biocomposites were fully characterized in terms of their morphology, mechanical and optical properties, permeability (oxygen and water vapor), water wettability, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and FT-IR. Chitosan films reinforced with commercial nanocellulose at the same rates were tested for comparison. It was observed an improvement for the majority of samples after the incorporation of MCC/CNC, as planned. The sample with MCC/CNC isolated from giant reed was the one that most improved the properties of the film. Between the amounts added, the 2.5 % level presented the most encouraging effects, by improving considerably the strength and stiffness and by reducing the oxygen and water vapor permeabilities, essential features in the use of bio-based films by e.g. the food packaging industry. For this MCC/CNC rate, the films demonstrated equivalent potential to the film with 2 % commercial CNC. Predominantly, the different analyses displayed in the study indicated that biomass from the three lignocellulosic crops tested may afford a viable alternative source of reinforcing agents to be applied in the biocomposites production.
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•Micro/nanocellulose was successfully produced from different lignocellulosic biomasses.•Chitosan films were reinforced with a combination of extracted micro- and nanocellulose.•Micro/nanocellulose improved the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of chitosan films.•Biocomposites produced are suitable to integrate multilayered packaging systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cadmium is one of the most toxic metal that accumulates in the human body via food chain, industrial/agricultural activites. It also has negative effects in organs such as the brain, liver and ...central nervous system. Therefore, International Agency for Research on Cancer is classified cadmium as “carcinogenic to humans” (group 1). In this work, novel pyrene modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NP-1) was designed as a fluorescence sensor for selective determination of Cd2+ in food and soil samples. FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM, TEM and TGA were used for structural, morphological characterizations and thermal properties of NP-1. The experimental conditions such as selectivity, pH, sensor concentration, photostability, time and interaction mechanism were examined and optimized. The LOD was determined as 0.09 μM (10.70 μg/L) which was lower than WHO's permissible limit of cadmium in plant with 0.10–60.00 μM linear working range. Validation of the present method was performed by spike/recovery test and ICP-MS, then fluorescence determination of Cd2+ in food and soil samples was succesfully applied. The results indicated that the proposed method based on “turn-on” fluorescence of NP-1 was a simple, sensitive and reliable for rapid determination of Cd2+ in real samples with high applicability and stability.
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Soybean-oil-based polymer is a promising bio-based water barrier coating on paper packaging but the application is challenged due to its poor water dispersibility. In this present ...study, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was used to implement a stable dispersion of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in water and thus synergistically improved the water vapor barrier properties after coating on paper. APTES-NCC was successfully prepared, and displayed a better interface compatibility with AESO through the Michael addition reaction. Compared with NCC, APTES-NCC displayed an improved hydrophobicity and wettability with AESO, with an increase of contact angle from 38.0° to 76.4°, and a decrease of interfacial tension from 91.5 ± 3.5 mN/m to 82.9 ± 1.8 mN/m. As an emulsifier, APTES-NCC can be more effectively adsorbed on the oil–water interface to form a more stable emulsion than NCC, with a decrease of AESO droplets size from 4.8 µm to 3.1 µm, and a remarkable improvement in static and centrifugal stability. In rheological measurement, the APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion showed a wider linear viscoelastic region (3.4%), better viscoelasticity and thermal curing properties than that of NCC/AESO emulsion, which further explained that the stability of APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion were improved. Therefore, APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion as a coating on paper cured into a continuous barrier film can effectively improve the water vapor barrier properties of paper, and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper can be reduced from 1392.8 g/m2•24 h (NCC/AESO emulsion-coated) to 1286.3 g/m2 24 h (APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion-coated), both are significantly lower than that of base paper (1926.7 g/m2•24 h). CLSM testing showed that APTES-NCC could interact effectively with AESO to forming a tight barrier on paper surface and at the same time, sealing the pores inside the paper to resist water vapor penetration. The high-stable AESO emulsion prepared by APTES-NCC is expected to facilitate the utilization of NCC and AESO as a value-added material in making sustainable barrier packaging.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Cancer is the leading cause of death all over the world and chemotherapy is an important approach to fight cancer, however, there are many obstacles against successful cancer chemotherapy such as ...development of multidrug resistance, poor solubility of chemotherapeutic agents and adverse side effects to healthy tissues. An important strategy to overcome these obstacles, is the use of nanotechnology. In recent years, natural polymers such as cellulose and its nanoform structure, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), have attracted the interest of researchers in the field of nanotechnology and specially drug delivery systems, due to biocompatibility and biodegradability of NCC. Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and changes to NCC by several chemical and mechanical methods. In this review, we mainly focus on the methods for production of NCC, physicochemical properties and medical applications of NCC (e.g. regenerative medicine, replacement of vascular grafts, tissue engineering, anti-bacterial/anti-viral applications, diagnosis and biosensing) with a special emphasize on drug delivery systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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