Sustainability criteria and verification through national legislations and voluntary certification schemes are important tools to ensure sustainable supply and bioenergy development in the European ...Union. The Renewable Energy Directive Recast (RED II) sets the framework for renewable energy support for the period 2021–2030 with updated and new sustainability criteria. This study reviews the sustainability criteria in the RED II and in existing national legislations and voluntary schemes. The aim is to identify possible gaps and good practices in certification to propose a set of sustainability criteria that are effective in their coverage of the most urgent sustainability concerns, and that are practically applicable to the whole bioenergy sector. The proposed set of effective sustainability criteria was validated through stakeholder interviews. The results show that the RED II is a major step forward in safeguarding sustainable bioenergy supply; however, it still entails sustainability risks in forest management and lacks clarifications and criteria for imported biomass feedstocks. The proposed effective sustainability criteria in this study are more extensive than in the RED II and help to assure sustainable land use, to protect biodiversity, and to conserve ecosystems, whilst also addressing rights for workers and local communities, and the efficient use of resources. These criteria are already implemented in some comprehensive and stringent national support schemes and voluntary schemes. It is recommended that policy makers, scheme owners and sustainability practitioners coordinate discussions and agreements on the various sustainability aspects. A clear definition of waste and residues, measurement of indirect land use change, and recognition of competent voluntary schemes to demonstrate sustainability compliance should be considered at EU level.
•Sustainability concerns on bioenergy are not completely addressed by the RED II.•The effective sustainability criteria covering environmental, socio-economic aspects tackle the remaining concerns of the RED II.•The effective sustainability criteria are applicable and can be implemented in practice.•Recognition of competent voluntary certification schemes facilitate sustainability compliance.
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Passengers who require special assistance at airports and on aircraft represent one of the fastest growing demographics for aviation worldwide. At some airports, annual growth in PRM (persons with ...reduced mobility) traffic is six times greater than the overall rate of passenger growth yet barriers to accessible air travel remain and disabled passengers continue to exhibit a lower propensity to fly than other travellers. In an attempt to aid disabled passengers’ accessibility to air travel, countries have introduced dedicated air passenger rights and consumer protection legislation which seeks to specifically address the needs of disabled travellers. These regulations typically state minimum service standards and levels of service provision that must be provided by air transport operators to enable disabled travellers to access air travel on an equal basis to other passengers. These legal interventions, however, have been developed on a country-by-country basis and this has created a lack of international regulatory alignment. This paper reports on the findings of an international survey of disabled air passenger rights legislation in 47 countries covering 20 aviation markets (the single market in the European Union and 19 other States). It identifies the differences in regulatory frameworks, highlights their implications for consumers and ultimately concludes by recommending the formation of more harmonised global policy making to better support the needs of special assistance passengers and facilitate their greater mobility by air.
•Passengers requiring special assistance are one of the fastest growing passenger segments worldwide.•Legislation seeks to ensure such passengers can access air travel on equal terms to other travellers.•A global survey of disabled air passenger rights legislation in 47 countries was conducted.•There is no set of global standards for disabled air passenger rights.•Implications for consumers and airline and airport operators are discussed.
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The study deals with the issue of forming a strategy for the activities of digital attaches, which are currently being gradually formed at some diplomatic missions of Russia. It is emphasized that ...the economic security of the country in the context of digital transformations will largely be determined by a competent and balanced policy to protect the interests of Russian business abroad. The object of our research can be identified as the activities of digital attaches aimed at supporting Russian IT companies. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the fact that a number of wellknown Russian IT companies are forming their own digital platforms. The subject of the study is the mechanism of interaction between digital attaches and domestic developers and owners of digital platforms. It is assumed that smoothed work in this direction will contribute to the achievement of the tasks assigned to digital attaches. The author focuses on the fact that in the process of building work with digital platforms, it is necessary to take into account such important factors as the specifics of the economic life of the country where the digital attaches are based, as well as national legal norms regulating business. The author analyzes domestic and foreign scientific literature on the regulation of digital platforms, while emphasizing that the legal mechanism regulating the cooperation of digital attaches and IT companies has not yet received its clear regulatory outline. The study focuses on the fact that the effective activity of digital attaches is an important factor in ensuring the economic security of the country.
The publication raises issues of interaction of rapidly developing areas of bio-medicine and international legal standards, and national legislation of states. Attention is focused on the need for ...legal guarantees in the field of editing the genome of living organisms, in vitro fertilization, etc. It is proposed to form a uni-form attitude and establish the boundaries of what is permissible in the field of genetic practice so that the situation does not get out of the control of the human mind.
The decrease productivity of soils that occurs following an agricultural overproduction is manifested by insufficient of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, by salinity increasing, humus deficiency, ...soil aggregation changing moisture content modified, etc, finally through undesirable phenomena of erosion. The uses of sewage sludge for fertilizing purposes of degraded soils remain a method of managing this recyclable waste. Sewage sludge anaerobically stabilized brings into soil an important input of nutrients (C, N, P), micronutrients and an significant settlement of compatible microorganisms with soil biocenosis. The potential hazards of sewage sludge due to pathogenic agents load is reduced by anaerobic stabilization. The potential of physicochemical contaminants is controlled by national legislation. Using a quantity of 40 t·ha-1 sewage sludge anaerobically stabilized for fertilization of cultivated soils with maize led to an increase of grain production of 12% over the amount harvested from a control field and with 5 % of the amount collected from a fertilized field with 40 t·ha-1 manure. In the aerial parts of the harvested plants from fertilized fields with the sewage sludge haven’t accumulated toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) in the detectable range, and the amount of Zn was according to the nutritional requirements.
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In our paper we intended to offer to the readers the possibility to be acquainted with the managerial activity of the central executive organisms of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which has not only ...its own specificity, but also a long history. Indeed, the historical and juridical testimonies attested that the ecclesiastical management activity has two millennium of history, hence the importance of the knowledge of the process of its development, with its own typical particularities. Pursuant to our aim to help our readers to be acquainted both with the specific managerial activity of the central executive organisms of the Romanian Orthodox Church, as well as with its juridical and canonical doctrine about the administration of the goods (res), we offered to them a real scientific contribution by an interdisciplinary approach (juridical, historical and theological).
Maternity and parental benefits legislation impacts on one of the most important pillars in society as it plays a role in family life, the rights of women, and gender equality. It will be beneficial ...to any country to benchmark its own legislation in this regard against international standards and norms, as one cannot just assume that national legislation is in line with international standards.
South Africa is part of the international community, and if South Africa wants to take its seat and play a role in international bodies such as the United Nations (UN) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), it is important that South Africa as country adhere to international standards and ILO Conventions.
The purpose of the article is to analyse gender-based violence and to study the legal mechanisms for overcoming it in Ukraine. On the basis of scientific findings and proposals, it has been suggested ...that a new perspective on this issue be taken. The basic concepts of gender-based violence, its forms, and European standards that are effective in preventing and combating violence have been studied. The expediency of forming a scientifically based system of prevention, regulation and overcoming of domestic violence has been emphasised. The legislation of different countries has been analysed, the peculiarities of gender-based violence and the factors that influence its occurrence in the family have been identified. The author’s own definition for the term “gender-based violence” has been presented.
Both general scientific and special methods of cognition were used in the course of the study. The logical method was used to formulate legal concepts and classify types of violence. The historical method was used to study the historical aspects and chronology of the emergence and development of gender-based violence. The use of the dialectical method has made it possible to determine the legal nature and essence of gender-based violence. The synergistic method has allowed to characterise the legal nature of gender-based violence. The axiological method was used to determine the role of the principle of gender equality in the development of Ukrainian legislation and its implementation into European legislation. The dogmatic method was used to interpret legal acts in terms of their compliance with modern European standards.
Based on the analysis of regulatory acts and legal literature, the author proposes a definition of gender-based violence as an activity or behaviour aimed at maintaining the advantage of one party over another, depending on gender status. It can be physical violence, mental violence, sexual violence, economic violence, stereotypical behaviour.
Beyond the boundaries of national jurisdiction, the seabed and its mineral resources are governed by a complex international regime, which determines by whom and under what conditions these natural ...resources can be exploited. However, companies and natural persons wishing to pursue activities in the Area must be sponsored by a state, so national legislation defining the conditions to obtain a certificate of sponsorship also plays an important role. These national laws are very diverse and contain a wide array of provisions, leading to several advantages as well as drawbacks. This article analyzes the crucial building blocks of national deep sea mining legislation and assesses which provisions can serve as an example. Comparisons are made between the relevant laws of carefully selected sponsoring states and this leads us to a patchwork of recommended provisions, which is presented as a first step towards ideal national legislation on deep sea mining.
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