Aims
To assess disordered online social networking use via modified diagnostic criteria for substance dependence, and to examine its association with difficulties with emotion regulation and ...substance use.
Design
Cross‐sectional survey study targeting undergraduate students. Associations between disordered online social networking use, internet addiction, deficits in emotion regulation and alcohol use problems were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance.
Setting
A large University in the Northeastern United States.
Participants
Undergraduate students (n = 253, 62.8% female, 60.9% white, age mean= 19.68, standard deviation = 2.85), largely representative of the target population. The response rate was 100%.
Measurements
Disordered online social networking use, determined via modified measures of alcohol abuse and dependence, including DSM‐IV‐TR diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence, the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale and the Cut‐down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye‐opener (CAGE) screen, along with the Young Internet Addiction Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire‐II, White Bear Suppression Inventory and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale.
Findings
Disordered online social networking use was present in 9.7% n = 23; 95% confidence interval (5.9, 13.4) of the sample surveyed, and significantly and positively associated with scores on the Young Internet Addiction Test (P < 0.001), greater difficulties with emotion regulation (P = 0.003) and problem drinking (P = 0.03).
Conclusions
The use of online social networking sites is potentially addictive. Modified measures of substance abuse and dependence are suitable in assessing disordered online social networking use. Disordered online social networking use seems to arise as part of a cluster of symptoms of poor emotion regulation skills and heightened susceptibility to both substance and non‐substance addiction.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
ABSTRACT
Aims To provide empirical data‐driven identification of a group of addicted online gamers.
Design Repeated cross‐sectional survey study, comprising a longitudinal cohort, conducted in 2008 ...and 2009.
Setting Secondary schools in the Netherlands.
Participants Two large samples of Dutch schoolchildren (aged 13–16 years).
Measurements Compulsive internet use scale, weekly hours of online gaming and psychosocial variables.
Findings This study confirms the existence of a small group of addicted online gamers (3%), representing about 1.5% of all children aged 13–16 years in the Netherlands. Although these gamers report addiction‐like problems, relationships with decreased psychosocial health were less evident.
Conclusions The identification of a small group of addicted online gamers supports efforts to develop and validate questionnaire scales aimed at measuring the phenomenon of online video game addiction. The findings contribute to the discussion on the inclusion of non‐substance addictions in the proposed unified concept of ‘Addiction and Related Disorders’ for the DSM‐V by providing indirect identification and validation of a group of suspected online video game addicts.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Definition of Substance and Non-substance Addiction Zou, Zhiling; Wang, Huijun; d’Oleire Uquillas, Federico ...
Advances in experimental medicine and biology,
2017, Volume:
1010
Book Chapter, Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Substance addiction (or drug addiction) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a recurring desire to continue taking the drug despite harmful consequences. Non-substance addiction (or ...behavioral addiction) covers pathological gambling, food addiction, internet addiction, and mobile phone addiction. Their definition is similar to drug addiction but they differ from each other in specific domains. This review aims to provide a brief overview of past and current definitions of substance and non-substance addiction, and also touches on the topic of diagnosing drug addiction and non-drug addiction, ultimately aiming to further the understanding of the key concepts needed for a foundation to study the biological and psychological underpinnings of addiction disorders.
Abstract
Recent studies increasingly highlight involvement of the cerebellum in drug craving and addiction. However, its exact role, that is, whether the cerebellum is a critical component of a brain ...network underlying addictive behaviour, or whether it rather is a facilitator or mediator, is still unclear. Findings concerning the newly recognized internet gaming disorder (IGD) suggest that changes in cerebellar connectivity and functioning are associated with behavioural/non‐substance addiction. Here, we systematically review the literature on IGD and cerebellar involvement following the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 13 neuroimaging studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies utilized a broad range of diagnostic instruments and resulting cut‐off criteria, rendering it difficult to compare findings. Results on altered cerebro‐cerebellar connectivity in patients with IGD are mixed; most studies report altered or increased functional connectivity. Moreover, decreased cerebellar grey matter volume is reported. Studies have further indicated that differential activation patterns in the cerebellum may enable discrimination between healthy subjects and subjects with IGD, even allowing for prediction of treatment outcomes. Given the strong connectivity between the cerebellum and cerebral regions, the cerebellum may act as an intermediary between regions involved in craving and addiction and consequently affect symptoms of IGD. Results suggest differential involvement of the cerebellar lobes, emphasizing a need for high‐resolution parcellation of the cerebellum in future studies. However, the studies included in the present review have small sample sizes and include mostly male participants. Thus, results may have limited generalizability yet highlight a crucial role of the cerebellum in IGD that needs further investigation.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this article is to provide a complete and updated review on the international literature about the modern concept of needle fixation, related phenomena and important consequences of its ...manifestation.
A search was undertaken looking at every source about needle fixation from its first complete and accepted definition.
There is an important and updated scientific literature about the existence and the clinical weight of the phenomenon. This kind of behavior has gained social, scientific and clinical interest. Many researchers and clinicians have reported cases, described courses, proposed solutions and treatments.
The existence of needle fixation may promote drug seeking and maintain addiction for longer, seriously hinder the treatment of drug injectors regardless of the substance involved, and increase the risk of relapse; it can complicate the clinical picture with side effects.
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IJS, NUK, OILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The aim of this article is to provide a complete review of the international literature about the history of needle fixation until its current definition.
A search was undertaken looking at ...scientific material in relation to the use of the hypodermic needle for non-medical purposes or not exclusively instrumental for the injection of illicit drugs: this material, the history of the syringe, and its use were included according to the subject and chronological criterion.
There are many references on the existence and problems of using the hypodermic needle for non-medical purposes. The main one is to inject illicit drugs; however, there are as many elements to argue an addiction or a skin puncture-seeking mania regardless of the presence of substances use. This behavior, nowadays universally known as "needle fixation," disregards the substance to become itself an object of addiction.
The existence of needle fixation is demonstrated with certainty through a series of sources. There is a long history of this behavior and its related phenomena, complications, and consequences. Finally, the modern definition stated the clinical reality of the whole phenomenon and promoted the thorough study of it, also promoting further contributions from all over the world.
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IJS, NUK, OILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
...in the last two decades, this topic has been revisited and experienced a surge of academic interest as evidenced by numerous studies in the literature (Gearhardt et al., 2009a; Brewerton, 2017; ...Cassin et al., 2019; Munguía et al., 2022). Sena et al. examined two genetically similar substrains of BALB/c mice to investigate escalated food consumption, compulsive-like food consumption in an aversive context, and incubation of craving after a no-food training period. In their research, Ghobadi-Azbari et al. studied the neural dynamics underlying food cue-reactivity in overweight/obese participants who reported frequent food cravings. In a well-conducted study, they showed that OSN dysfunction decreased food intake, increased resistance to starvation by modulating lipid metabolism, and reduced cold stress.
Pathological buying is associated with marked distress and impaired functioning in important life domains. It is currently under debate whether pathological buying can be considered a behavioral ...addiction. In analogy to results reported in addicted individuals, craving reactions elicited by addiction-related cues might be an underlying mechanism for the etiology and pathogenesis of pathological buying.
In the present study, 30 pathological buyers and 30 matched control participants were examined with a cue-reactivity paradigm consisting of shopping and control cues. Skin conductance responses, as well as subjective ratings for arousal, valence, and urge to buy, were assessed. Subjective craving reactions were measured before and after the cue-reactivity paradigm.
On a physiological level, skin conductance responses toward shopping cues were higher in pathological buyers (mean M; standard deviation {SD} = 0.26 0.13) compared with control participants (M SD = 0.19 0.09; t(58) = 2.29, p = .025, d = 0.60). On a behavioral level, the individuals with pathological buying rated the shopping cues as more arousing and more positive, and reported a greater urge to buy compared with control participants and with control cues. An increase in subjective craving after completing the cue-reactivity paradigm was observed only in the pathological buyers (Mpre SD = 1.95 1.47, Mpost SD = 2.87 1.79; t(29) = 5.07, p < .001, d = 0.97).
Cue-reactivity and craving might be potential correlates for the development and maintenance of pathological buying. The results demonstrate similarities between pathological buying and substance or behavioral addictions and provide implications for clinical treatment.
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