full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English
The Lithuanian historical corpus consists of machine-readable texts, transcribed according to the principles of documentary edition; the ...original spelling and the language features it encodes are preserved. Several orthographic systems were used during the various stages of the history of Lithuanian language, and some of them differ from the modern one to a relatively great extent. The historical orthography does not allow the use of language analysis tools, which were developed on the basis of the modern spelling. A link is therefore needed that would connect the historical orthography to the modern orthography used today.
In normalizing spelling, various challenges must be dealt with: the same grapheme must be differently realized without changing the orthography and by rewriting the form in the modern Lithuanian alphabet. At the same time, the normalization of phonetics has to be carried out, which includes the elimination of dialectal phonetic features and the representation of phonemes in the assimilated position. These principles can be used in constructing a universal search engine, in which queries can be processed across different orthographic systems (http://sr.lki.lt).
The size of the corpus and the available limited resources stimulate the search for an automated way of normalizing orthography. A set of rules was developed based on the empirical research on the history of orthography; these rules were then arranged hierarchically in accordance with the length of the sequence of processed characters, their implementation being limited to using the metadata according to the spelling features of a particular source. A 82–97% accuracy level of correct normalization was achieved.
The advantage of a rules-based transliteration is the consistency of changes; the disadvantage can be seen in generating not a single but several equivalents of the word, and the ambiguous rules in certain cases generate many tokens that do not exist in the natural language. The number of generated forms being fed to the search engine was reduced based on non-existent letter sequences and by narrowing the query alphabet. A further selection of the correct forms could be done using dictionaries or tools for analyzing the morphology and syntax of modern Lithuanian.
straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba
Lingvistinei analizei reikia skaitmeninių tekstų, tinkamų programiniam apdorojimui. Lietuvių kalbos instituto duomenų bazei senieji raštai skaitmeninami laikantis dokumentinio perrašo principų, nekeičiant originalo rašybos. Senoji rašyba dažnai yra variantiška, nenusistovėjusi ir gerokai skiriasi nuo dabartinės, tai trukdo pritaikyti technologijas, kuriamas dabartinei lietuvių kalbai tirti. Straipsnyje aprašomas empirinėmis taisyklėmis paremtas būdas iš žodžių formų senąja rašyba automatiškai sugeneruoti formas dabartine rašyba perraše išlaikant originalios rašybos ypatybes. Sugeneruoti atitikmenys naudojami paieškos sistemoje.
Lov na degenerike Begtoša, Mislava; Vuković, Tvrtko
Scrinia Slavonica,
11/2020, Volume:
20, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Polazeći od psihijatrijskog slučaja Miloša Krpana, jednog od naših prvih socijalista i anarhista, koji je koncem 19. stoljeća dva puta primljen u Kraljevski zemaljski zavod za umobolne u Stenjevcu, ...radom se pokušava pokazati kako onodobna psihijatrija, sudjelujući u procesu oblikovanja hrvatskog građanskog društva, osim medicinskog znanja, razvija i normalizacijsku moć. Psihijatrija pacificira otpor sustavu tako što ga izmješta u Zavod te ga ondje ispituje, obrađuje, svladava i disciplinira. Istodobno sebi pribavlja znanstveni legitimitet i stječe društveni status proizvodeći kategoriju nenormalnosti te razvijajući tehnike za njezino suzbijanje. Tako preuzima odgovornost za ćudoređe, sigurnost i čistoću društva, a povezujući se sa sudskom praksom postaje nositelj pravne moći. Drugim riječima, osim što nastoji liječiti ludilo, psihijatrija se javlja kao stroj društvene discipline uspostavljajući moderne oblike normalizacijske moći u mladom buržoazijskom kapitalističkom društvu druge polovice 19. stoljeća.
Focusing on the psychiatric case of Miloš Krpan, one of our first socialists and anarchists who was twice admitted to the Royal Institute for Mentally Insane in Stenjevec at the end of the 19th century, the paper aims to show how, by participating in the construction of Croatian
civil society, psychiatry develops medical knowledge but also normalizes power. Psychiatry pacifies the resistance against the system by dislocating it to the Institute where it is further examined, processed, mastered and disciplined. At the same time, it acquires scientific legitimacy and gains social status by producing a category of
the abnormal and by developing techniques to repress it. Thus, it assumes responsibility for social morale, security and purity, and by associating itself with judicial practice it becomes one of the main legal authorities. In other words, apart from seeking to cure insanity, psychiatry emerges as an apparatus of social discipline and establishes modern forms of normalizing power in the young bourgeois capitalist society of the second half of the 19th century.
U radu je opisana shema za označavanje pogrešaka u CroLTeC-u – prvom računalnom učeničkom korpusu hrvatskog kao inog jezika. Shema označavanja pogrešaka djelomično se temelji na shemi upotrijebljenoj ...u razvojnom korpusu slovenskog jezika –
Šolaru
i shemi koja se upotrebljava u korpusu
Cambridge Learner
te je prilagođena hrvatskom jeziku. Shema je razvijena kako bi se označio dio tekstova u korpusu
CroLTeC
te kako bi se omogućilo istraživačima i stručnjacima koji se bave proučavanjem hrvatskog kao inog jezika da uoče koji aspekti jezika određenim skupinama učenika uzrokuju najviše poteškoća u usvajanju hrvatskog te da prilagode nastavne materijale različitim skupinama učenika (ne samo s obzirom na njihovo poznavanje hrvatskog jezika nego i s obzirom na materinski jezik).
The paper describes the error-tagging scheme developed for the CroLTeC learner corpus (http://nlp.ffzg.hr/resources/corpora/croltec/) – the first electronic learner corpus of Croatian as a foreign language. CroLTeC contains essays collected from 755 students with 36 different mother tongues, among which the most prominent were Spanish, English, German, Polish, Chinese, French, and Arabic. It consists of 4,747 essays, out of which 1,217 were digitally born, while 3530 essays were scanned, transcribed in RTF format, and converted into XML format. CroLTeC has a total of 1,054,287 tokens, and essays have been collected on all 6 levels of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) at Croaticum – Center for Croatian as Second and Foreign Language
at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, Department of Information Sciences, Natural Language Processing group. All CroLTeC essays contain metadata about the title, number, and type of essay (homework, part of an exam or field class, etc.). Data were lemmatized and annotated with morphosyntactic tags with the ReLDI tagger (Ljubešić et al., 2016). Also, the corpus is searchable by age, sex, language proficiency level, and the mother tongue of the learner. The error-tagging scheme is partially based on Šolar (the scheme of Developmental corpus of Slovene) and the error-coding of the Cambridge Learner Corpus and further tailored to the Croatian language. The goal of the development of the error-tagging scheme is to build a sub-corpus that will serve as a repository of authentic data about the learner’s interlanguage. It should enable researchers and teachers of Croatian as a
foreign language to explore the interlanguage, to discover the aspects of the grammar that are the most difficult to master and to tailor teaching materials to different groups of learners (not only according to their Croatian language proficiency level but also to their first language). Finally, the error-tagged sub-corpus should also serve as a starting point for designing computer-aided tools to correct lexical errors, misuse of verbal tenses, phrasal verbs, and collocations.
Real-time RT PCR has been recognized as an accurate, reliable and sensitive method for quantifying gene transcription. However, several steps preceding PCR represent critical points and source of ...inaccuracies. These steps include cell processing, RNA extraction, RNA storage, assessment of RNA concentration and cDNA synthesis. To compensate for potential variability introduced by the procedure, normalization of target gene expression has been established. Accurate normalization has become an absolute prerequisite for the correct quantification of gene expression. Several strategies are in use for the normalization of data, including normalization to sample size, to total RNA or to an internal reference. Among these, the use of housekeeping genes as an internal (endogenous) control is the most common approach. Given the increased sensitivity, reproducibility and large dynamic range of this methodology, the requirements for a proper reference gene for normalization have become increasingly stringent. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of normalization in mRNA quantification, as well as to discuss several statistical algorithms developed to help the validation of potential reference genes. By showing that the use of inappropriate endogenous control might lead to incorrect results and misinterpretation of experimental data, we are joining the creators of Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) in an attempt to convince scientists that proper validation of potential reference genes is an absolute prerequisite for correct normalization and, therefore, for providing accurate and reliable data by quantitative real-time RT PCR gene expression analyses.
Bioetika i nasilje Sandra Radenović
JAHR (Rijeka ),
04/2012, Volume:
3, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
U ovom radu autorica razmatra nasilje kao bioetiÄki problem u suvremenom srbijanskom druÅ¡tvu. Naime, polazeći od socioloÅ¡kog stanoviÅ¡ta i definicije nasilja u najÅ¡irem smislu, autorica analizira ...prisustvo sociocidnih i moralocidnih procesa, te procesa normalizacije nasilja, poÄevÅ¡i od reproduciranja nasilja u sredstvima masovne komunikacije, pa sve do razliÄitih manifestacija nasilja u svakodnevnom životu. Pored pojave devalvacije života u suvremenom srbijanskom Thanatos ambijentu, autorica izdvaja nedostatak empatije i nebrigu na svim i za sve razine sveukupnog svijeta života (biosa). Najzad, autorica predlaže kontinuiranu, sustavnu i sistematiÄnu bioetiÄku edukaciju kao jedno od mogućih rjeÅ¡enja u procesu revalvacije života. Kao okosnicu moguće bioetiÄke edukacije, autorica razmatra etiku brige i etiku empatije. Â
Real-time RT PCR has been recognized as an accurate, reliable and sensitive method for quantifying gene transcription. However, several steps preceding PCR represent critical points and source of ...inaccuracies. These steps include cell processing, RNA extraction, RNA storage, assessment of RNA concentration and cDNA synthesis. To compensate for potential variability introduced by the procedure, normalization of target gene expression has been established. Accurate normalization has become an absolute prerequisite for the correct quantification of gene expression. Several strategies are in use for the normalization of data, including normalization to sample size, to total RNA or to an internal reference. Among these, the use of housekeeping genes as an internal (endogenous) control is the most common approach. Given the increased sensitivity, reproducibility and large dynamic range of this methodology, the requirements for a proper reference gene for normalization have become increasingly stringent. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of normalization in mRNA quantification, as well as to discuss several statistical algorithms developed to help the validation of potential reference genes. By showing that the use of inappropriate endogenous control might lead to incorrect results and misinterpretation of experimental data, we are joining the creators of Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) in an attempt to convince scientists that proper validation of potential reference genes is an absolute prerequisite for correct normalization and, therefore, for providing accurate and reliable data by quantitative real-time RT PCR gene expression analyses.
RT-PCR je prepoznat kao precizna, pouzdana i osetljiva metoda za kvantifikaciji! transkripcije gena. Medutim, ovoj metodi prethodi nekoliko koraka koji predstavljaju kritične tačke i izvor potencijalnih grešaka. Ovi korači uključuju obradu čelijskog materijala, ekstrakciju i čuvanje RNK, odredivanje koncentracije RNK i sintezu cDNK. Da bi se kompenzovala potencijalna varijabilnost na- stala tokom procedure, uvedena je normalizacija ekspresije ciljnih gena. Precizna normalizacija je postala apsolutni pre- duslov za tačnu kvantifikaciju ekspresije gena. Postoji neko- liko strategija za normalizaciju eksperimentalnih podataka, uključujuči normalizaciju u odnosu na veličinu uzorka, ukup- nu RNK ili internú kontrolu (referencu). Kao interna (endo- gena) kontrola najčešče se koriste geni sa stabilnom ekspre- sijom. Imajuči u vidu veliku osetljivost, reproducibilnost i veliki dinamički opseg PCR metode, zahtevi za odgovara- jučim referentnim genima koji če se koristiti za normalizaciju podataka postali su veoma restriktivni. Cilj ovog rada je da razjasni koncept normalizacije i prokomentariše nekoliko sta- tističkih algoritama koji su razvijeni kako bi pomogli u valida- ciji potencijalnih referentnih gena. Pokazujuči da koriščenje neodgovarajučih referentnih gena (endogenih kontrola) može da dovede do netačnih rezultata i pogrešne inter- pretacije eksperimentalnih podataka, mi se priključujemo tvorcima uputstva MIQE (eng. Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) u pokúšajú da ubedimo naučnu javnost da je ispravna validacija potencijalnih referentnih gena apsolutni preduslov za tačnu normalizaciju i, shodno tome, preduslov za dobijanje tačnih i pouzdanih podataka u analizi ekspresije gena metodom kvantitativnog PCR-a u reálnom vremenu.
Ovim radom se prikazuje korištenje Bernsteinovog algoritma za vertikalnu 3NF normalizaciju sintezom. Cilj ovog rada je ponuditi algoritam za normalizaciju baze podataka te prikazati skup koraka koji ...vode na svođenje redundantnosti na najmanju moguću mjeru u cilju povećanja učinkovitosti rada s bazom podataka te navesti testove i algoritme za ispitivanje i dokazivanje reverzibilnosti (tj. dokazivanje da tijekom normalizacije nije došlo do gubitka informacije). U radu su prikazani primjeri kroz korake Bernsteinovog
algoritma za vertikalnu 3NF normalizaciju sintezom te su predloženi test i algoritam za dokazivanje reverzibilnosti dekompozicije. Svrha ovog rada je također objasniti da su razlozi uvođenja normalnih formi: brže pretraživanje podataka, eliminacija redundancije i eliminacija anomalije brisanja, upisivanja i modifikacije
te objasniti nastanak anomalija na temelju primjera.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Republika Hrvatska i Srbija i Crna Gora počele su razvijati međudržavne bilateralne odnose i prije međusobnog priznanja. Nakon međusobnog priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa međudržavni odnosi ...se intenziviraju, a koncentracija tih odnosa je na normalizaciji i saniranju posljedica agresije i oružanih sukoba i raspada bivše zajedničke države. Glavna otvorena pitanja povratak izbjeglih, nestale osobe, granica, sukcesija rješavaju se danas na stručnoj razini, bez političkih ili pravnih prepreka, a međudržavni odnosi se sve više fokusiraju na gospodarsku suradnju, suradnju u regiji i suradnju u području euroatlantskih integracija.
The modern way of life, e-business, a large amount of data available in electronic form imposed the need for analysis of textual documents written in different natural languages. Every natural ...language has many rules and variations which makes analysis of the document more difficult. By N-gram analysis of documents, the results can be obtained without specific lexical resources. In this paper, the n-gram analysis of textual documents written in Serbian language is shown and also the algorithm for extracting keywords (n-grams) from a document.
U radu se uspoređuje izvorno englesko izdanje romana za djecu Morrisa Gleitzmana Once (Jednom) s izdanjem njegova prijevoda na talijanski. Najprije se kratko istražuju pojmovi ‘odomaćivanja’ ...(domestication) i ‘otuđivanja’ (foreignization) u kontekstu prijevodne prakse. Odomaćivanje nekoga teksta podrazumijeva približavanje toga teksta, kroz prijevod, kulturi podrazumijevanoga čitatelja, slici djetinjstva dotične kulture i utvrđenim konvencijama koje upravljaju dječjom književnošću u dotičnoj zemlji. Otuđivanje je strategija koja cilja na čuvanje što većega broja jezičnih i kulturnih razlikovnih obilježja izvornika. Dvije kulture u pozadini dvaju spomenutih jezika u radu se istražuju s posebnim osvrtom na to kako kulturne razlike utječu na pojam djetinjstva. Sama analiza počinje razmatranjem korica dvaju izdanja, imajući u vidu to da one, kao dio parateksta, imaju važnu ulogu u predstavljanju knjige na tržištu. Na temelju izabranih primjera iz teksta prijevoda otkrivaju se razlike u odnosu na izvornik na razinama sintakse, registra i jezične kreativnosti. Pritom su uočene tri pojave koje značajno utječu na ciljni tekst, a koje upućuju na proces normalizacije. Zaključuje se da se u prijevodu tematiziranoga romana primjenjuje strategija odomaćivanja, u skladu s kojom se tekst prilagođava kako bi ga se učinilo prihvatljivijim talijanskom dječjem čitatelju, ili barem onome za što odrasli Talijani vjeruju da je prikladnije za takve čitatelje. Posljedično, ratna je trauma u talijanskoj verziji postala manje okrutna i šokantna.
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