This article applies to the evidentiary procedure in cases of nullity of marriage. The legal provisions which relate to this stage of the process are not limited only to mentioning and defining ...possible canonical proofs in the process. These norms, in the great majority should be taken during the gathering of the proofs. Among these legal provisions we should indicate directly at those, that can be described as legal and procedural limitations in collecting proofs. The first type of limitations are proof prohibitions, which prohibit the delivery and acceptance of certain facts. Among these are: a ban on illicit proof and the ban on giving testimony by some people as a witness (e.g. a confessor, a party or a judge in a particular case). Another type consists of limitations which are similar to bans. This group has not an absolute character, because in defined circumstances the judge may waive them. These may include: the acceptance of secret proofs or the testimony of minors below the fourteenth year of age and those of limited mental capacity. An important group of limitations stems from personal rights. According to these norms, persons which are bound by professional secrecy or whose fear that from their own testimony ill repute, dangerous hardships, or other grave evils will befall them, their spouses, or persons related to them by consanguinity or affinity, cannot be forced to give testimony. It should be noted also to the substantive and formal requirements of presented proofs. Many limitations in collecting proofs will concern the adherence to judicial procedure. The procedural limitations can include the legal provisions relating to adherence to deadlines for submitting proofs and norms concerning the place and manner of the taking of proofs. Artykuł dotyczy etapu dowodowego w sprawach o nieważność małżeństwa. Przepisy odnoszące się do tego etapu procesowego, nie ograniczają się jedynie do wymienienia i zdefiniowania możliwych w procesaie kanonicznym środków dowodowych. W zdecydowanej większości są to normy, które należy zachować przy zbieraniu dowodów. Wśród tych norm należy wskazać wprost te, które można określić jako prawno-procesowe ograniczenia w gromadzeniu dowodów. Pierwszy rodzaj ograniczeń stanowią zakazy dowodowe, które zabraniają dostarczania i przyjmowania określonych dowodów. Wśród nich są: zakaz dotyczący dowodów niegodziwych oraz zakaz składania przez niektóre osoby zeznań w charakterze świadka (np. spowiednik, strona lub sędzia w danej sprawie). Kolejną grupę stanowią ograniczenia zbliżone do zakazów, ale nie mają one charakteru absolutnego, ponieważ w określonych okolicznościach mogą być uchylone przez sędziego. Do nich można zaliczyć dopuszczenie dowodów utajnionych oraz zeznań osoby małoletniej poniżej czternastego roku życia lub upośledzonej umysłowo. Ważna grupa ograniczeń wynika z praw osobowych. Według tych norm nie można zobowiązać do złożenia zeznań osób objętych tajemnicą urzędową lub zawodową oraz obawiających się naruszenia ich dóbr osobistych. Należy wskazać również na wymogi merytoryczne i formalne przedkładanych dowodów. Wiele ograniczeń przy gromadzeniu dowodów będzie dotyczyło przestrzegania procedury sądowej. Do ograniczeń proceduralnych należy zaliczyć przestrzeganie terminów składania dowodów oraz miejsca i sposobu ich przeprowadzenia.
We develop tools to produce equivalent norms with specific local geometry around infinitely many points in the sphere of a Banach space via an inductive procedure. We combine this process with ...smoothness results and techniques to solve two open problems posed in the recently published monograph 7 by A. J. Guirao, V. Montesinos and V. Zizler. Specifically, on the one hand we construct in every separable Banach space admitting a Ck-smooth norm an equivalent norm which is Ck-smooth but fails to be uniformly Gâteaux in any direction; and on the other hand we produce in c0(Γ) for any infinite Γ a C∞-smooth norm whose ball is dentable but whose sphere lacks any extreme points.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The present study was conducted with two goals in mind: to investigates the effects of consumers' values, social norms on their personal norms and environmental behavior, and to examine the mediating ...role of personal norms in the relationship between social norms and environmental behavior. Data were obtained from 292 participants in the USA. The findings reveal that bio-altruistic and egoistic values influence personal norms to purchase pro-environmental products. Additionally, social norms are internalized via personal norms and indirectly or directly influence pro-environmental behavior.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Observing deviant behaviour can lead to ‘norm erosion’, where a norm is no longer seen as relevant and compliance with it is reduced. Previous research argues that social confrontations can mitigate ...norm erosion. However, this work has not considered the impact of bystanders to confrontations, who might influence the outcome by supporting—or failing to support—the person confronting a social rule breaker. We examine the effect of bystanders' reactions on preventing norm erosion across three experimental studies. We examined how supportive and non‐supportive bystander reactions to a confronter impacted the perceived strength of a prosocial norm among participants and their behavioural intentions. We find that when bystanders explicitly supported the confronter against the rule breaker, the norm was perceived as stronger—and sometimes, compliance intentions were higher—than when bystanders did not respond to the confronter. A mini meta‐analysis across the three studies reveals that the effect of bystander support on perceived norm strength is large and robust. Our work demonstrates that for the prevention of norm erosion, confrontations benefit greatly from being explicitly supported by bystanders.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•There is a strong automatic association between descriptive and injunctive concepts, such as “common” and “moral”.•Also explicit inferences between norm types strongly link what is common with what ...you ought to do.•In recall of social norms, descriptive and injunctive information are often mixed up.•Information about descriptive norms, even in another land, affects people’s moral judgments.•The common–moral association could contribute to emergence and upholding of injunctive norms.
Modern research on social norms makes an important distinction between descriptive norms (how people commonly behave) and injunctive norms (what one is morally obligated to do). Here we propose that this distinction is far from clear in the cognition of social norms. In a first study, using the implicit association test, the concepts of “common” and “moral” were found to be strongly associated. Some implications of this automatic common–moral association were investigated in a subsequent series of experiments: Our participants tended to make explicit inferences from descriptive norms to injunctive norms and vice versa; they tended to mix up descriptive and injunctive concepts in recall tasks; and frequency information influenced participants’ own moral judgments. We conclude by discussing how the common–moral association could play a role in the dynamics of social norms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Pro-environmental behavioral patterns are influenced by relevant others’ actions and expectations. Studies about the intergenerational transmission of environmentalism have demonstrated that parents ...play a major role in their children’s pro-environmental actions. However, little is known about how other social agents may shape youth’s environmentalism. This cross-sectional study concentrates on the role that parents and peers have in the regulation of 12- to 19-year-olds’ pro-environmental behaviors. We also consider the common response bias effect by examining the associations between parents, peers, and adolescents’ pro-environmentalism in two independent data sets. Data Set 1 (N = 330) includes adolescents’ perceptions of relevant others’ behaviors. Data Set 2 (N = 152) includes relevant others’ self-reported pro-environmental behavior. Our results show that parents’ and peers’ descriptive and injunctive norms have a direct effect on adolescents’ pro-environmental behavior and an indirect one, through personal norms. Adolescents seem to be accurate in the perception of their close ones’ environmental actions.
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A powerful and poignant translation of Vergil's epic poem,
newly equipped with introduction and notes This is a
substantial revision of Sarah Ruden's celebrated 2008 translation
of Vergil's Aeneid, ...which was acclaimed by Garry Wills as
"the first translation since Dryden's that can be read as a great
English poem in itself." Ruden's line-for-line translation in
iambic pentameter is an astonishing feat, unique among modern
translations. Her revisions to the translation render the poetry
more spare and muscular than her previous version and capture even
more closely the essence of Vergil's poem, which pits national
destiny against the fates of individuals, and which resonates
deeply in our own time. This distinguished translation, now
equipped with introduction, notes, and glossary by leading Vergil
scholar Susanna Braund, allows modern readers to experience for
themselves the timeless power of Vergil's masterpiece. Praise for
the First Edition: "Fast, clean, and clear, sometimes terribly
clever, and often strikingly beautiful. . . . Many human
achievements deserve our praise, and this excellent translation is
certainly one of them."-Richard Garner, The New Criterion
"Toning down the magniloquence, Sarah Ruden gives us an
Aeneid more intimate in tone and soberer in measure than
we are used to-a gift for which many will be grateful."-J. M.
Coetzee "An intimate rendering of great emotional force and purity.
. . . The immediacy, beauty, and timelessness of the original Latin
masterpiece lift off these pages with gem-like
originality."- Choice
With fourth-order derivative theories leading to propagators of the generic ghostlike 1/(k2−M12)−1/(k2−M22) form, it would appear that such theories have negative norm ghost states and are not ...unitary. However on constructing the associated quantum Hilbert space for the free theory that would produce such a propagator, Bender and Mannheim found that the Hamiltonian of the free theory is not Hermitian but is instead PT symmetric, and that there are in fact no negative norm ghost states, with all Hilbert space norms being both positive and preserved in time. Even though perturbative radiative corrections cannot change the signature of a Hilbert space inner product, nonetheless it is not immediately apparent how such a ghostlike propagator would not then lead to negative probability contributions in loop diagrams. Here we obtain the relevant Feynman rules and show that all states obtained in cutting intermediate lines in loop diagrams have positive norm. Also we show that due to the specific way that unitarity (conservation of probability) is implemented in the theory, negative signatured discontinuities across cuts in loop diagrams are canceled by a novel and unanticipated contribution of the states in which tree approximation (no loop) graphs are calculated, an effect that is foreign to standard Hermitian theories. Perturbatively then, the fourth-order derivative theory with propagator 1/(k2−M12)−1/(k2−M22) is viable. Implications of our results for the pure massless 1/k4 propagator are also discussed.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
•A nonconvex formulation to determine the low rank representation from contaminated data is proposed.•We provide a proximal iteratively reweighed algorithm for solving the nonconvex model.•The ...proposed nonconvex model can recover the underlying low rank structure of subspaces in spite of noisy corruptions.
Recently, low rank representation (LRR) has been successfully applied to explore subspace segmentation of data. In this paper, we propose a nonconvex formulation to determine the LRR from contaminated data. Unlike in traditional methods, which directly utilize the nuclear norm to approximate the rank function and penalize noise using the ℓ2,1-norm, our method introduces the Ky Fan p-k-norm and the ℓ2,q-norm, to better approximate the rank minimization problem and enhance the robustness against noise. An efficient algorithm is derived for solving the novel objective function, and this is followed by a rigorous theoretical proof of the convergence. Extensive experiments on face datasets clearly demonstrate that the proposed methods are more robust to illumination variations, corruptions, and occlusions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Despite theoretical postulations that individuals' conformity to masculine norms is differentially related to mental health-related outcomes depending on a variety of contexts, there has not been any ...systematic synthesis of the empirical research on this topic. Therefore, the authors of this study conducted meta-analyses of the relationships between conformity to masculine norms (as measured by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-94 and other versions of this scale) and mental health-related outcomes using 78 samples and 19,453 participants. Conformity to masculine norms was modestly and unfavorably associated with mental health as well as moderately and unfavorably related to psychological help seeking. The authors also identified several moderation effects. Conformity to masculine norms was more strongly correlated with negative social functioning than with psychological indicators of negative mental health. Conformity to the specific masculine norms of self-reliance, power over women, and playboy were unfavorably, robustly, and consistently related to mental health-related outcomes, whereas conformity to the masculine norm of primacy of work was not significantly related to any mental health-related outcome. These findings highlight the need for researchers to disaggregate the generic construct of conformity to masculine norms and to focus instead on specific dimensions of masculine norms and their differential associations with other outcomes.
Public Significance Statement
This study synthesized findings from 19,453 participants across 78 samples regarding the relationships between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. In general, individuals who conformed strongly to masculine norms tended to have poorer mental health and less favorable attitudes toward seeking psychological help, although the results differed depending on specific types of masculine norms.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
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