Prazgodovinska naselbina na prostoru današnje Ljubljane je bila zgrajena na stičišču pomembnih prometnic in je delovala kot trgovsko središče že od kulture žarnih grobišč. Življenje v njej ...je potekalo od 13. do 5. st. pr. n. št., pri čemer je od sredine 8. in v 7. st. pr. n. št. opazen drastičen upad v poselitvi, kar se odraža tudi v majhnem številu grobov. Notranja struktura naselbine, odkrite na Tribuni (predel Prul), nam priča o premišljeni, dobro načrtovani ter strnjeni poselitvi. V njej se zrcalijo zametki urbanih elementov, sploh upoštevajoč domnevo, da je akropola stala na strateško pomembnem Grajskem hribu in da je bilo na Tribuni »spodnje mesto« večjega naselbinskega areala, v katerem so živeli in ustvarjali obrtniki (rokodelci) in trgovci. Ob reki Ljubljanici bi smeli pričakovati predel z gospodarskimi objekti oz. delavnicami ter pristan, na območju Poljan pa zaradi rodovitnih evtričnih rjavih tal polja, na katerih so uspevale kultivirane rastline.
Līgumi, kuri attiecas uz intelektuālā īpašuma objektiem, un šo līgumu tiesiskais regulējums ir aktuāls kā no teorētiskā, tā no praktiskā viedokļa. Tai pašā laikā Latvijas intelektuālā īpašuma līgumu ...regulējumam tiesību literatūrā pievērsta neliela uzmanība gan no sistēmiskā viedokļa, gan no šī regulējuma pilnveidošanas viedokļa. Pašreizējais Latvijas intelektuālā īpašuma līgumu regulējums izkaisīts pa atsevišķiem sui generis likumiem, kas katrs attiecas uz atsevišķiem intelektuālā īpašuma objektiem, šo līgumu regulējumam attiecībā uz dažādiem intelektuālā īpašuma objektiem esot savstarpēji atšķirīgam un nepilnīgam. Šo iemeslu dēļ rakstā aplūkots Latvijas intelektuālā īpašuma līgumu regulējums un ierosināti priekšlikumi šī regulējuma modernizācijai, to ietverot Latvijas Republikas Civillikumā.
Automatska detekcija objekata u moru na slikama nadzornih ili panoramskih kamera otvara mogućnost automatskog praćenja prometa, detekcije neovlaštenoga kretanja, opasnosti ili onečišćenja. U ovom ...radu analiziraju se performanse modela temeljenih na arhitekturi YOLOv7 za zadatak detekcije plovila i plutača na takvim slikama. Modeli su naučeni na vlastitom skupu podataka različitih pomorskih scena izrađenom za tu svrhu, korištenjem prijenosa učenja s modela naučenih na općenitim slikama. Također, ispitane su dvije varijante rukovanja ulazom u mrežu, te je korištenje strategije rezanja ulazne slike značajno poboljšalo rezultate detekcije posebno malih objekata u odnosu na osnovni model.
Automatic object detection in maritime surveillance or panoramic camera images opens up possibilities for automatic traffic monitoring, unauthorized movement detection, and hazard or pollution identification. This study investigates the performance of models based on the YOLOv7 architecture for the task of detecting vessels and buoys in images captured by panoramic and surveillance cameras. The models are trained on a dedicated dataset comprising diverse maritime scenes created for this purpose, utilizing transfer learning from models trained on generic images. Additionally, two variants of input handling strategies are examined, and the use of the input image cropping strategy significantly improves detection results, especially for small objects, compared to the baseline model.
School and school gym buildings represent a relevant potential for construction of photovoltaic panels, to be integrated into roofs of these buildings. Given that roof structures are passive, ...construction of photovoltaic systems does not interfere with the building functionality, does not it in any way adversely affect the environment. Installation of photovoltaic systems on building roofs brings the production and consumption of electricity closest possible, therefore such systems ensure significant reduction in power losses in transmission and distribution grids. In addition to locally produced electricity, construction of photovoltaic systems on the school buildings’ roofs produces an educational effect as well. By installing a measuring and acquisition system which would include the measuring data on the photovoltaic power plant production parameters and school electricity consumption into school labs, technology would be closer to students, as well as possibilities to meet the demand for electricity from this basic renewable energy source. This paper presents the results of evaluations of the available roof surfaces of school buildings in Serbia for the photovoltaic panels installation. For each category of school building, an estimate of possible annual production per unit of average roof area was made. Summarizing all the results, estimates of possible installed capacity and annual electricity production for different scenarios are given.
Bosna i Hercegovina ima pretežno brdsko-planinsku konfiguraciju terena, bogata je razvijenom hidrografskom mrežom. Pri projektiranju i izgradnji mreža šumskih cesta učestala je pojava presijecanja ...stalnih ili povremenih vodotoka pa je zato prijeko potrebno planirati i graditi vodopropusne objekte.Najrizičnija su mjesta, kada je u pitanju negativan utjecaj vodotoka na erozijske procese, upravo točke presijecanja šumske ceste rijekama i brdsko-planinskim vodotocima. Da bi se smanjio postotak neupotrebljivosti primarne mreže šumske transportne infrastrukture, treba pristupiti kvalitetnim rješenjima odvodnje površinskih voda i izgradnji prelazaka preko postojećih planinskih vodotoka. Vodna je erozija jedna od mogućih pojava, koja može nastati na kolničkoj konstrukciji, ako na odgovarajući način nije riješeno pitanje odvodnje površinskih i oborinskih voda.Procjena erozijskih procesa prilikom provođenja istraživanja utjecaja hidrografske mreže na primarnu mrežu šumske transportne infrastrukture obavlja se na osnovi terenskoga snimanja stanja vodopropusnih objekata i kolničke konstrukcije u njezinoj neposrednoj blizini.Prilikom istraživanja nisu analizirani tehnički elementi šumskih cesta (osim erodiranosti kolničke konstrukcije), aktivnosti su usmjerene na vodopropusne objekte, odnosno njihovo stanje i eventualni utjecaj na erodiranje kolničke konstrukcije. Istraživanja su provedena u GJ »Neretvica« u okviru ŠPP »Konjičko«.Analizirano je ukupno 129 različitih vodopropusnih objekata, od kojih su 16 mostova, 73 cijevna betonska propusta i 40 drugih tipova objekata. U okviru provedene analize vodopropusnih objekata obrađena je oštećenost i funkcionalnost vodopropusnih objekata te erodiranost kolničke konstrukcije u njezinoj neposrednoj blizini.
Water permeable structures on strip roads play a very important role in regulating the flow of surface water and rainwater. Although the
forestry operative of B&H does not use patterns that can be used to
correctly determine the dimensions of water-permeable structures, most often the selection of the dimensions of the structure that can ensure the smooth flow of water is done experientially.
Previous analyses show that investments in forest road infrastructure are insufficient (Sokolović and Bajrić 2011, 2013) and that this is the most common reason for the poor condition of forest road infrastructure. Erosion is a common occurrence on all unpaved roads, especially in heavy rain events and on steep slopes (Wang et al. 2021). Poor technical solutions, along with irregular maintenance of water-permeable structures, are a common cause of intensification of erosive processes and destruction of the road structure.
In the present study, a total of 129 water-permeable structures of various types were analyzed, of which 16 bridges, 73 concrete pipe culverts, and 40 ‘other’ types (improvised solutions of water-permeable structures, most often made of stone slabs). Bridges have the most efficient functionality, which allows water to flow freely through the flow profile. Also, concrete culverts of larger dimensions (Ø 80 and 100
cm) have better functionality than culverts of smaller dimensions (Ø 40
and 60 cm). Namely, in the case of specific small culverts, frequent partial blockages were observed, the maintenance of which was difficult due to the small dimensions of the culvert.
The worst functionality was observed with ‘other types’ of water-permeable structures, where collapses often occur, and as a result, they cannot be cleaned and have to be replaced instead. Of the total number of ‘other types’ of structures, 50% have difficult or disabled functionality, with 20% of the total number having disabled functionality. It is obvious that the choice of the type of water-permeable structures, as well as their dimensions, play a very important role when it comes to their future functionality.
Also, field research has determined the direct correlation between the functionality of water-permeable structures and the occurrence of erosive processes on the pavement structure in the immediate vicinity. That is, in the case of structures with impaired or disabled functionality, the water partially or completely overflows over
the pavement structure, whereby the surface rubs off the pavement and causes its erosion.
U ovom su članku razrađene sljedeće ideje i teze: (1) halucinator može pretraživati vlastite halucinacije, što često i čini, iz čega slijedi da
halucinacija, premda po naravi nefizička, ipak jest ...objekt, pretraživan
(ili barem pretraživ), (2) premda povlašten, halucinatorov pristup halucinaciji nije neutralan, nego selektivan, (3) premda kompetentan očevidac vlastite halucinacije, halucinator može u mnogom pogledu biti inkompetentan izvjestitelj o njezinu sadržaju, (4) izvještaj o halucinaciji (koliko god da je ona sama po svojoj naravi privatna) moguć
je zato što su javne kategorije pod koje ona biva u izvještaju podvedena, (5) izvještaji o halucinacijama mogu biti ciljani ili spontani, (6) glavna je svrha spontanih izvještaja o halucinaciji da izvijeste o situacijskom značenju halucinacije i o njezinu doživljaju, a
ne o njezinu pojavnom sadržaju, (7) naše razumijevanje spontanih izvještaja o halucinacijama omogućeno je, u prvom redu, kognitivnom empatijom, a ne imaginacijom.
In this paper, the following ideas and theses are elaborated: (1) hallucinations can be, and often are, scanned by the hallucinator, from which it follows that, although nonphysical by their nature, hallucinations nevertheless are objects being scanned (or at least being scannable). (2) Though privileged, the hallucinator’s access to his or her own hallucination is not neutral, but selective. (3) While being a competent ‘perceiver’ of his or her own hallucination, the hallucinator may in many respects be an incompetent reporter on its content. (4) What makes a report on a hallucination possible (despite the fact that the very hallucination is, by its nature, private) is the public nature of the categories under which it is subsumed within the report. (5) Reports on hallucinations may be directed or free. (6) The main object of free reports on hallucinations is to convey the situational meaning of the hallucination and the lived experience of it, rather than its phenomenal content. (7) It is primarily cognitive empathy (rather than imagination) that makes our understanding of free reports on hallucinations possible.
Kreiranje trodimenzijskih virtualnih modela postojećih objekata primjenjuje se u različitim područjima znanosti i prakse. Ovakvi 3D modeli se koriste u arhitekturi, građevinarstvu, urbanizmu, ...geologiji, strojarstvu, industriji video igara, filmskoj industriji, medicini, arheologiji, za sigurnost ljudi i dobara itd. Fotogrametrija kao metoda dobivanja podataka trodimenzijske prostorne strukture na osnovu dvodimenzijskih fotografija, zahvaljujući mnogobrojnim softverskim paketima koristi se za izradu 3D modela objekata i prostornih struktura. U ovom radu su analizirane zemaljska poluautomatska i automatska metoda fotogrametrije. Obje pomenute metode su u radu predstavljene kroz studiju slučaja izrade 3D modela Barutane iz doba otomanske imperije, koja se nalazi u Niškoj tvrđavi u Srbiji. Cilj rada je da se kroz studiju slučaja izrade virtualnog 3D modela Barutane provede analiza poluautomatske i automatske metode fotogrametrije i usporedi njihova preciznost.
S ciljem da se hrvatsku zastavu učiniti atraktivnom za strana plovila, hrvatski zakonodavac donio je dana 8. veljače 2019. g. Odluku o proglašenju zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Pomorskog zakonika – ...kao dio reformskog paketa pomorskog zakonodavstva. Pored izmjena vezanih uz upisnik, konkretno njegovu digitalizaciju i objedinjavanje podataka, izmjene uključuju i normiranje ugovora o najmu jahte i brodice, zatim rješenja vezana za sprečavanje onečišćenja mora, kao i rješenja s područja pomorskog radnog prava. Međutim, izvršene su i određene izmjene pomorskopravne nomenklature među kojima je i uvođenje nove pravne kategorije autonomnog plovnog objekta. U ovom radu analizira se stoga položaj takvog objekta u okviru aktualnog pomorskog zakonodavstva Republike Hrvatske te se razmatra daljnji smjer kretanja u vidu de lege ferenda osobito kada su u pitanju autonomni brodovi. U radu se razmatra je li uvođenjem nove pravne kategorije Pomorski zakonik otvoreno prepoznao autonomne brodove i u kojem opsegu. Uz ovo, rad također uključuje uvođenje nove (dodatne) klasifikacije s obzirom na nova tehnološka dostignuća i trendove, a koja preporuka se nadograđuje direktno na postojeću pomorskopravnu nomenklaturu, nudeći prikladno nomotehničko rješenje u uređenju novih vrsta objekata uopće, bez zadiranja stanovitim zahvatima u postojeći sadržaj Pomorskog zakonika kako je koncipiran.
With the aim of making the Croatian flag attractive to foreign vessels, the Croatian legislator passed on February 8, 2019, a decision on the promulgation of the Act on Amendments to the Maritime Code as part of the Maritime Legislative Reform Package. In addition to amendments related to vessel registration, in particular its digitization and the unification of its data, the amendments include a statutory standardization of the yacht and recreational boat charter contracts, as well as solutions related to the prevention of pollution of the sea. The amendments include changes in the field of maritime labour law as well. However, the amendments also include certain changes to the maritime-legal nomenclature, including therein the introduction of a new legal category – the autonomous waterborne object. The aim of this paper is therefore to analyse the position of such an object within the current maritime legal system of the Republic of Croatia and to consider a further trend in view of de lege ferenda, especially when autonomous ships are concerned. The paper also examines whether or not did the introduction of the new legal category in the Croatian Maritime Code directly and openly recognised autonomous ships and to what extent. In addition to this, the paper offers a new (additional) classification with regards to technological advances and trends. The recommendation offered thereat is built directly upon the existing maritime-legal nomenclature providing likewise a suitable nomotechnical solution in regulating the new types of objects in general, without substantially interfering in the existing content of the Croatian Maritime Code as originally conceptualized.
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