In Mexico, there is an ecological deterioration caused in part by the inadequate management of natural resources. In order to collaborate in the reduction of this ecological deterioration in the ...soils and the environment, the objective of the work was to design an accessible vermicompost screening machine that is adaptable to the needs and requirements of small producers of this organic fertilizer in the country, so the calculation was made for the design of the main systems of the machine that are the fertilizer dosing system, the screening system and the power transmission system, developing the deployment of the QFD quality function that allows considering the demands and requirements to be satisfied, in the generation and selection of concepts and / or proposals for design, thereby improving the quality of the design. A vermicompost screening machine was designed which will make it possible to speed up and improve the working conditions in the production of this compost, thus obtaining a production of screened compost greater than that achieved manually. Keywords: Ecological Deterioration, Soils, Screening, Organic Fertilizer. En México existe un deterioro ecológico causado en parte por el manejo inadecuado de los recursos naturales. Con el propósito de colaborar en la disminución de este deterioro ecológico en los suelos y el medio ambiente, el objetivo del trabajo fue diseñar una máquina cribadora de vermicomposta accesible y adaptable a las necesidades y requerimientos de los pequeños productores de este abono orgánico en el país, por lo que se realizó el cálculo para el diseño de los principales sistemas de la máquina que son; el sistema de dosificación de abono, el sistema de cribado y el sistema de transmisión de potencia, desarrollando el despliegue de la función de calidad QFD que permite considerar las demandas y requerimientos a satisfacer, en la generación y selección de conceptos y/o propuestas de diseño, mejorando de esta manera la calidad del diseño. Se diseñó una máquina cribadora de vermicomposta la cual permitirá agilizar y mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en la producción de este abono, obteniendo de esta manera una producción de abono cribado mayor a la alcanzada manualmente. Palabras clave: deterioro ecológico, suelos, abono orgánico.
In Mexico, there is an ecological deterioration caused in part by the inadequate management of natural resources. In order to collaborate in the reduction of this ecological deterioration in the ...soils and the environment, the objective of the work was to design an accessible vermicompost screening machine that is adaptable to the needs and requirements of small producers of this organic fertilizer in the country, so the calculation was made for the design of the main systems of the machine that are the fertilizer dosing system, the screening system and the power transmission system, developing the deployment of the QFD quality function that allows considering the demands and requirements to be satisfied, in the generation and selection of concepts and / or proposals for design, thereby improving the quality of the design. A vermicompost screening machine was designed which will make it possible to speed up and improve the working conditions in the production of this compost, thus obtaining a production of screened compost greater than that achieved manually.
Nowadays, it is difficult to imagine agriculture without the use of fertilizers, because plants cannot absorb the required amount of nutrients from the soil ...
•Soil salinity is a challenge to cultivation.•Coastal saline soil is widely distributed in China.•Soil properties including enzyme activities under amendment types investigated in Yellow ...River.•Urease and catalase activities improved under organic fertilizer and microbial inoculant.•All amendment applications improved alkaline phosphatase activity.
Soil salinity, caused by natural of anthropogenic factors, has been recognized as a challenge to cultivation. Coastal saline soil is widely distributed in China. The relationships between soil properties and enzyme activities under different amendment types were investigated in Yellow River Town, Kenli County, Shandong Province. The aim of our study was to determine the appropriate treatments for alleviating salinity. Hekang (a saline soil modifier), chemical fertilizers, microbial inoculant, and organic fertilizer were applied to coastal saline soil in this study. The results showed that urease and catalase activities were improved under conditions of Hekang, organic fertilizer and microbial inoculant, but not under single chemical fertilizer applications. All the amendment applications improved alkaline phosphatase activity. Urease activity, alkaline phosphatase activity and catalase activity were all significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) or soil nitrogen (N), and were negatively correlated with soil salinity or pH. In addition, Catalase activity was significantly negatively correlated with available phosphorus (P); urease activity showed a significantly positive correlation with soil available nitrogen (N) and a negative correlation with available P or available potassium (K).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Demand for locally produced, organically grown leafy greens is increasing throughout the United States. However, due to lack of efficient organic fertilizers (OFs) for soilless substrates, organic ...greenhouse production of leafy greens may be challenging. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted to analyze the effects of six liquid OFs on growth and development of lettuce in a soilless system. Two experiments were conducted using a randomized block design, and treatments included six fish- or plant-based OFs: OF 1 (5N–1P–1K), OF 2 (2N–5P–1K), OF 3 (3N–1P–1K), OF 4 (2N–2P–2K), OF 5 (4N–1P–1K), and OF 6 (3N–3P–2K); one inorganic fertilizer treatment (IF, 24N–8P–16K); and one unfertilized control treatment. Fertilizer solutions were prepared at 2 dS⋅m –1 and applied at 100 mL/plant. In Expt. 1, fresh biomass for IF-treated plants was 12% to 38% greater than OF treatments, whereas this difference ranged from 25% to 57% in Expt. 2. Similarly, leaf area values of IF-treated plants were 5% to 40% greater than OF treatments in Expt. 1, and the difference ranged from 28% to 90% in Expt. 2. A possible explanation could be greater availability of nutrients in the IF treatment compared with OF treatments. There was no significant difference among fertilized treatments for number of leaves and stem diameter. Based on the index-based ranking, fish-based (OF 1 ) and fish- and plant-based (OF 2 and OF 6 ) performed well among different liquid OFs used in the study. Although the yield under OFs was less compared with that under IF, there is potential to reduce this yield gap by optimized fertility management of these fertilizers. Future research is needed to investigate the impact of optimized rate, timing, different placement, and additional nitrogen (N) sources of OFs on the soilless production of lettuce.
Microbes play pivotal roles in soil organic matter (SOM) turnover: formation and decomposition. Organic fertilizers play crucial role for SOM accumulation, aggregate formation and influence microbial ...community composition and co-occurrence networks in microhabitats. Here, we investigated prokaryotic and fungal communities and their co-occurrence networks in four aggregate size classes in upland Ultisol following 27 years of mineral and/or organic fertilizer (rice straw, peanut straw, radish, or pig manure) application. Organic fertilizers and aggregate size classes have main and interactive effects on SOM content in aggregates (p < 0.001). Aggregate size classes accounted for most of the variance (43%) of SOM content, with more SOM accumulated in macroaggregates (>250 μm) than microaggregates (<250 μm). Increased aggregate size affected prokaryotic and fungal community structure by increasing Rhizobiales and decreasing Eurotiales. Solibacterales and Mortierellales were particularly abundant in small microaggregates (<53 μm) due to substrate preferences. Organic fertilizers regulate microbial community structure more than aggregate size, accounting for 41% and 29% of variance in prokaryotic and fungal communities, respectively. Pig manure exerted the strongest effect on SOM content and aggregation, and influenced microbial community structure more strongly than plant residues, primarily by increasing Bacillales, Gaiellales and Pezizales, and decreasing Thermogemmatisporales. This effect of pig manure was related with efficient increase of SOM content and pH. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed more positive or negative linear relationships among microbial groups in microaggregates than in macroaggregates, indicating stronger synergistic and antagonistic microbial interactions in microaggregates with fewer favorable niches (higher recalcitrant SOM and less labile SOM). Thermogemmatisporales was identified as the most influential keystone taxon (relative abundance ∼4.9%) in soil, and its abundance rapidly diminished with increasing SOM content in macro- and microaggregates. Thus, microbial community structure is dependent on aggregate size, and this should be considered during sampling. Overall, long-term pig manure amendment increased the SOM content and aggregation, altering prokaryotic and fungal community structure and keystone taxa.
•Effects of organic fertilization on SOM content, aggregation and microbes were studied.•Organic fertilizers influence microbial community structure more than aggregate size.•Fungal communities in the <53 μm aggregates were less affected by organic fertilization.•The keystone taxon Thermogemmatisporales decreases with increasing SOM content.•Manure increased SOM and aggregation, altering keystone taxa greater than residues.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Thermal hydrolysis (TH) is an efficient technology for food waste (FW) management. This study investigated the nutrients released from FW under various TH temperature (140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 °C) ...and evaluated the feasibility of the hydrolyzed liquor (HL) as liquid organic fertilizer. The phytotoxicity and biotoxicity of HL was analyzed using wheat seed and Pseudomonas putida. Results revealed that TH could effectively solubilize FW and release nutrients (N, P and K) and organic substances. The highest content of total nitrogen (TN, 1685 mgN/L) and phosphorus (TP, 235 mgP/L) in the HL was obtained under 180 °C. The K+ was 278–293 mg/L regardless of treatment temperature. Secondary nutrients (Ca and Mg) and micro metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Co and Mn) were all detected at relatively high level, while heavy metals (As and Cd) were generally lower than 0.5 mg/L. Twenty types of free amino acid were identified and the maximum total concentration was 4965.13 mg/L. 2% HL displayed higher germination index (>80%) and enhanced root and shoot lengths. No biotoxicity was observed as confirmed by the bioassay. This study proposes a feasible method to solubilize food waste and produce liquid organic fertilizer.
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•The optimal temperature for primary nutrient recovery from FW through TH was 180 °C.•The main DOMs in the HL were LMW compounds coupled with 20 types of FAA.•The diluted HL did not have biotoxicity but promoted the P. putida cells growth.•The diluted HL did not have phytotoxicity but enhanced wheat root and shoot lengths.•The HL could be further developed to be liquid organic fertilizer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The application of organic fertilizers has been suspected as an important source of microplastic (MP) pollution in agricultural soils. However, limited data have been reported regarding the quantity ...and characteristics of MPs in organic fertilizers, giving rise to the difficulties in their risk assessment. This study investigated the occurrence of MPs in 23 commercial organic fertilizers and two farm composts, covering different raw materials and treatment processes. The average MP concentration in the commercial organic fertilizers was 9210.4 ± 1743.1 items/kg, significantly lower than that in farm composts (24344.1 ± 2697.2 items/kg). Among commercial organic fertilizers, the MP loads varied significantly with the source materials and their processing. Organic fertilizers derived solely or proportionally from plant-derived materials through mechanical shredding and sieving had lower MP abundances. The polymer sizes, morphotypes, and colors of MPs in studied samples were mainly < 3 mm, fiber, and black, respectively. The variations in the MP characteristics implied their diverse sources. This study provided a detailed assessment of MP accumulation in organic fertilizers, and confirmed their significance to the MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystem. The results also highlighted the importance of establishing standards to regulate the contents of plastics in raw materials and end products and the treatment processes for the manufacture, thus ensuring the safe application of organic fertilizers.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Cuatomate (Solanum glauscescens Zucc) is an important crop for the Mixteca Poblana, and the availability of technologies to increase its productivity is a priority for producers in the region. An ...experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of compost addition and biofertilization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cuatomate during the nursery stage. Twelve treatments, resulting from the combination of four substrates prepared with different soil:compost ratios and inoculation with AMF strains Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomusi rregulare and a control without inoculation, were studied in a completely randomized design, with factorial arrangement and ten replications, and indicators of mycorrhizal performance and plant growth were evaluated. No interaction was found between soil:compost ratios and biofertilization with AMF for mycorrhizal and growth variables. No response to AMF inoculation on plant growth was observed either. The greatest height, stem diameter and number of leaves were achieved with soil:compost ratios 0.50:0.50 and 0.25:0.75 v:v. Second order regression equations with high R.sup.2 values were found between N-NO.sub.3, assimilable P and exchangeable K contents of the substrates and plant height and leaf number. It is concluded that the mixture of soil and compost in a 0.50:0.50 ratio is a suitable substrate for cuatomate cultivation during the nursery stage. Further studies on the mycorrhization of the cuatomate crop are recommended. Key words: organic fertilizer, nutrients, growth. El cuatomate (Solanum glauscescens Zucc) constituye un cultivo importante para la Mixteca Poblana, y disponer de tecnologias para aumentar su productividad es una prioridad para los productores de la region. Se realizo un experimento para evaluar el efecto de la adicion de compost y la biofertilizacion con hongos micorrizogenosarbusculares (HMA), en cuatomate durante la etapa de vivero. Se estudiaron 12 tratamientos, resultantes de la combinacion de cuatro sustratos elaborados mediante diferentes relaciones suelo:compost, y la inoculacion con las cepas de HMA Glomus cubense, Rhizoglomus irregularey un testigo sin inocular, en un diseno completamente aleatorizado, con arreglo factorial y diez repeticiones, y se evaluaron indicadores del funcionamiento micorrizico y el crecimiento de las plantas. No se encontro interaccion entre las relaciones suelo: compost y la biofertilizacion con HMA para las variables micorrizicas ni del crecimiento. Tampoco se observo respuesta a la inoculacion con HMA en el crecimiento de las plantas. La mayor altura, diametro del tallo y numero de hojas se alcanzaron con las relaciones suelo: compost 0,50:0,50 y 0,25:0,75 v:v. Se encontraron ecuaciones de regresion de segundo orden con altos valores de R.sup.2, entre los contenidos de N-NO.sub.3, P asimilable y K intercambiable de los sustratos y la altura y el numero de hoja de las plantas. Se concluye que la mezcla de suelo y compost en relacion 0,50:0,50, resulta un sustrato adecuado para el cultivo de cuatomate, durante la etapa de vivero. Se recomienda profundizar en los estudios sobre la micorrizacion del cultivo de cuatomate. Palabras clave: abono organico, crecimiento, nutrientes.
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