Navadne akne (Acne vulgaris) so pogosta kronična kožna bolezen, ki se pojavlja pri ljudeh vseh starostnih skupin, najpogosteje pri najstnikih. Nastanejo na seboroičnih predelih kože. Ker so ...najpogosteje prisotne na koži obraza, pogosto pomembno vplivajo na kakovost življenja ter so lahko razlog pridruženih duševnih težav in motenj. V patogenezi nastanka aken so pomembni štirje patogenetski dejavniki, ki so ključne terapevtske tarče. V preglednem prispevku predstavljamo klinično sliko aken in stopenjsko zdravljenje, ki smo ga povzeli po evropskih in ameriških smernicah. Opisujemo lokalno in sistemsko zdravljenje ter tudi druge načine zdravljenja, ki mora biti vedno prilagojeno posamezniku ter je odvisno od resnosti bolezni, spola, starosti in pridruženih bolezni.
Akutni bronhiolitis infekcija je donjega dišnog sustava, zahvaća prvenstveno male dišne putove (bronhiole) te je čest uzrok bolesti i hospitalizacije dojenčadi i male djece. Po definiciji radi se o ...kliničkom sindromu respiratornog „distresa“, koji se javlja kod djece mlađe od dvije godine, a obilježavaju ga klinički znakovi infekcije gornjega dišnog sustava (npr. rinoreja) praćeni infekcijom donjega dišnog sustava. Obično se javlja s primarnom infekcijom ili reinfekcijom virusnim patogenom. Upala bronhiola nastaje kada virusi ulaze u terminalne bronhiolarne epitelne stanice te uzrokuju njihovo izravno oštećenje i upalu. Edem sluznice, prekomjerno stvaranje sluzi i propadanje epitelnih stanica dovode do začepljenja malih dišnih putova i stvaranja atelektaza. Bronhiolitis je najčešće uzrokovan virusnom infekcijom. Iako udio infekcije određenim virusima varira ovisno o godišnjem dobu, respiratorni sincicijski virus (RSV) je najčešći uzročnik, a potom rinovirus. Manje uobičajeni uzročnici jesu redom: virus parainfluence, humani metapneumovirus, virus influence, adenovirus, koronavirus i humani bocavirus. Molekularnom dijagnostikom virusna etiologija može se potvrditi u više od 95% slučajeva. Klinički se manifestira vrućicom, kašljem i poremećajem disanja (npr. tahipneja, retrakcije interkostalnih prostora i juguluma, piskanje, auskultacijski čujne krepitacije). Često mu prethode klinički znakovi infekcije gornjega dišnog sustava, koji traju jedan do tri dana. Postavljanje dijagnoze uglavnom se temelji na anamnezi i kliničkoj slici; laboratorijska i radiološka dijagnostika pomoćne su metode, a izolacija virusa daje nam konačnu potvrdu bolesti. Trajanje i tijek akutnog bronhiolitisa ovisi o dobi djeteta, težini bolesti, stanjima vezanim uz povećani rizik (npr. nedonoščad, kronična plućna bolest) i uzročniku bolesti. Liječenje je u većini slučajeva suportivno (adekvatna hidracija, toaleta nosa i održavanje prohodnosti dišnih putova, inhalacijska terapija), a kod težih kliničkih slika pribjegava se primjeni respiratorne potpore (neinvazivne i/ili invazivne). Unatoč svemu, bronhiolitis je ipak uglavnom samoograničavajuća bolest i većini djece nije potrebna hospitalizacija te se u potpunosti oporave do 28 dana od početka simptoma bolesti.
Abstract Dermatophytoses are skin diseases related to the infection of surface layers of skin and other keratinised structures such as hair and nails, caused by fungi referred to as dermatophytes. ...The scientific literature provides descriptions of over 50 dermatophytic species classified in the Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , Nannizzia , Arthroderma , Lophophyton , and Paraphyton genera. Dermatophytes are regarded as pathogens; they are not a component of skin microbiota and their occurrence in animals and humans cannot be considered natural. The review of the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and prevalence of dermatomycoses in companion animals revealed significant differences in the prevalence of the infections. Two main factors are most frequently assumed to have the greatest epidemiological importance, i.e. the animal origin and the type of infection. In this aspect, interesting data are provided by investigations of the fungal microbiota present in cat and dog fur. Interestingly, an anthropophilic species Trichophyton rubrum was found to be one of the species of dermatophytes colonising the skin of animals that did not present symptoms of infection. Is the carrier state of this species important in the epidemiology of human infections? Additionally, animal breeders and veterinarians claim that only certain breeds of dogs and cats manifest high sensitivity to dermatophyte infections. The pathomechanism of dermatophyte infections has not yet been fully elucidated; however, three main stages can be distinguished: adhesion of arthrospores to corneocytes, their germination and development of mycelium, and fungal penetration into keratinised tissues. Importantly, the dermatophyte life cycle ends before the appearance of the first symptoms of the infection, which may pose an epidemiological threat. Dermatophyte virulence factors include various exoenzymes, mainly keratinase, protease, lipase, phospholipase, gelatinase, and DNase as well as toxins causing haemolysis responsible for nutrient supply to pathogens and persistence in the stratum corneum of the host. Clinical symptoms of the infection are external manifestations of the dermatophyte virulence factors. 1. Introduction. 2. Dermatophytoses in dogs and cats. 2.1. Diagnostic problems in zoophilic dermatophytoses. 2.2. The prevalence of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. 2.3. Factors predisposing to dermatophytosis. 2.4. Breed predilections in dermatophyte infections. 3. Pathogenesis and dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.1. Development of dermatophyte infection. 3.2. The pathogenesis of infection. 3.3. Dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.4. Clinical symptoms in canine and feline dermatomycoses. 3.5. Host immune response. 4. Summary
The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis is still a matter of debate as its common cause has not been found. But some basic principles of its onset and progression do exist. The curvature of the ...spine is always accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae and rib cage. If we want to explain the principles governing scoliosis onset and progression, we should answer some questions. First, why is side curvature of the spine always accompanied by rotation of the rib cage and vertebrae and vertebral rotation is maximal at the curve apex? Second, is structural scoliosis fixed by primary bone growth in growth plates of the vertebrae or by bone remodeling by which bones adapt to external loads? Third, why most of the curvatures are right thoracic? And fourth, what drives the progression of scoliosis? In the theory presented here, attention is given to the role of the ribs. Symmetrical rib cage fixes vertebrae in the midline of the body and prevents rotation of the vertebrae with dual articulating surfaces on each side of the vertebrae. The ribs are connected with intercostal muscles and cannot spread apart on the convex side when the spine bends. Curvature of the spine in the thoracic region is not possible without rotation of the vertebrae and deformation of the ribs. The ribs at the apex of the curve are pulled inwards towards the vertebrae because they are shifted further from the midline than other ribs. With rotation of the vertebrae at the apex of the curve, which are compressed between the ribs, the thoracic circumference diminishes and the tension in the wall is alleviated. The deformation becomes irreversible if new bone growth or resorption and remodeling change shape of the ribs and vertebrae or if ligaments are not firm enough. Bone remodeling is probably more important than primary bone growth in fixing the structural scoliosis. When the rib cage and vertebrae become structurally rotated, vertebrae lose balanced support from the ribs from both sides. Shear forces from the ribs turn vertebrae further and push vertebral bodies toward the convexity. Thus, continuous progression of scoliosis starts.
Novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika Babarović, Emina; Krašević, Maja; Eminović, Senija
Medicina fluminensis,
09/2016, Volume:
52, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Karcinom jajnika je vodeći uzrok smrti među zloćudnim novotvorinama ženskog spolnog sustava. Usprkos pokušajima razvoja programa probira s ciljem ranog otkrivanja bolesti, kao i novim terapijskim ...pristupima, mortalitet nije značajno smanjen. Jedan od razloga ovog neuspjeha bio je slabo razumijevanje patogeneze karcinoma jajnika koji je smatran jedinstvenom bolešću. Nove spoznaje pokazuju da je karcinom jajnika vrlo heterogena bolest, koja se na temelju kliničkopatoloških karakteristika te molekularnih i genetičkih promjena može podijeliti u dvije skupine: tip 1 i tip 2 tumori. Ovaj novi model patogeneze karcinoma jajnika danas ima važan klinički i terapijski značaj
Abstract In 2019, a new human pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. We present the knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The SARS-CoV-2 is similar to ...other coronaviruses, nevertheless, differences were observed. Cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 is facilitated by cleavage of spike protein by furin. The receptor-binding motif of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein forms a larger binding interface and more contacts with host receptor ACE2 compared those of in SARS-CoV. Unlike other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a motif, known to bind integrins. Nucleocapsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 display some structural differences compared to those of SARS-CoV as well. These features may increase the efficiency of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and indicate the putative targets for specific antiviral therapy. 1. Taxonomy of Coronaviridae . 2. Structure of Betacoronavirus virion. 3. Genome of Betacoronavirus . 4. Proteins of Betacoronavirus . 5. Betacoronavirus replication cycle. 6. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. 6.1. Tissue and cellular pathogenesis. 6.2. Molecular basis of pathogenesis. 6.3. Immunopathological changes in COVID-19. 7. Conclusions
Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a Gram-negative bacteria and an etiological agent of the sexually transmitted disease – gonorrhea. N. gonorrhoeae possesses many mechanism to evade the ...innate immune response of the human host. Most are related to serum resistance and avoidance of complement killing. However the clinical symptoms of gonorrhea are correlated with a significant presence of neutrophils, whose response is also insufficient and modulated by gonococci. 1. Introduction. 2. Adherence ability. 3. Serum resistance and complement system. 4. Neutrophils. 4.1. Phagocytosis. 4.1.1. Oxygen-dependent intracellular killing. 4.1.2. Oxygen-independent intracellular killing. 4.2. Neutrophil extracellular traps. 4.3. Degranulation. 4.4. Apoptosis. 5. Summary
Abstract Existence of moonlighting proteins in microorganisms is a known phenomenon, yet still not well understood. Moonlighting proteins have at least two independent biological functions, which ...must be performed by one polypeptide chain without separation into protein domains. Most of these proteins, beside their role in the cytoplasm, play an important role outside of the cell i.e. they take part in the process of pathogenesis by binding and activating host’s plasminogen. The existence of moonlighting proteins complicates the understanding of pathogenicity and virulence of many common bacteria as well as their role in commensal bacteria. Many of moonlighting proteins occurring in commensal bacteria appear to perform similar functions to proteins discovered in pathogenic bacteria, e.g. binding extracellular matrix. Moonlighting proteins found in bacteria are mostly housekeeping enzymes, especially from the glycolytic pathway, such as enolase, aldolase, dehydrogenase as well as heat-shock proteins and transcriptional factors. 1. Introduction. 2. Involvement of moonlighting proteins in bacterial pathogenesis. 3. Effect of moonlighting proteins on the immune system. 4. Moonlighting proteins in lactic acid bacteria.5. Transportation of moonlighting proteins to the bacterial surface. 6. Evolution of moonlighting proteins. 7. Detection of moonlighting proteins. 8. Summary 1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Udział białek wielofunkcyjnych w bakteryjnej patogenezie. 3. Wpływ białek wielofunkcyjnych na układ odpornościowy. 4. Obecność białek wielofunkcyjnych u bakterii kwasu mlekowego. 5. Transport białek wielofunkcyjnych na powierzchnię komórek bakteryjnych. 6. Ewolucja białek wielofunkcyjnych. 7. Wykrywanie białek wielofunkcyjnych. 8. Podsumowanie
Iako virus Zapadnog Nila (engl. West Nile virus, WNV) poznajemo gotovo 80 godina, intenzivnija istraživanja o njemu se provode unatrag petnaestak godina, nakon što je u SAD-u uzrokovao veliku ...epidemiju infekcija središnjeg živčanog sustava. WNV je virus koji spada u porodicu Flaviviridae, rod Flavivirus. Radi se o jednom serotipu, ali se virus genotipski može podijeliti u najmanje osam linija od kojih su linije 1, 2 i 5 medicinski najbitnije. Afrika je postojbina WNV-a odakle se proširio cijelim svijetom. Prirodni rezervoari virusa su ptice, a vektori su mu komarci. Najčešćii način prijenosa virusa na čovjeka je ubod komarca, ali se virus može prenijeti i transfuzijama krvi te transplantacijom solidnih organa. Nakon inkubacije od 3 – 14 dana može se razviti bolest koja najčešće prolazi asimptomatski ili kao blaža febrilna bolest. U manjeg broja inficiranih se razvije neuroinvazivna bolest. Simptomatska terapija je osnov liječenja, a dugotrajni oporavak uz ponekad trajne sekvele su nerijetko prisutni nakon preboljele bolesti.
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