Pear (Pyrus) is a globally grown fruit, with thousands of cultivars in five domesticated species and dozens of wild species. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of these pear ...species and what has contributed to the distinct phenotypic traits between Asian pears and European pears.
We report the genome resequencing of 113 pear accessions from worldwide collections, representing both cultivated and wild pear species. Based on 18,302,883 identified SNPs, we conduct phylogenetics, population structure, gene flow, and selective sweep analyses. Furthermore, we propose a model for the divergence, dissemination, and independent domestication of Asian and European pears in which pear, after originating in southwest China and then being disseminated throughout central Asia, has eventually spread to western Asia, and then on to Europe. We find evidence for rapid evolution and balancing selection for S-RNase genes that have contributed to the maintenance of self-incompatibility, thus promoting outcrossing and accounting for pear genome diversity across the Eurasian continent. In addition, separate selective sweep signatures between Asian pears and European pears, combined with co-localized QTLs and differentially expressed genes, underline distinct phenotypic fruit traits, including flesh texture, sugar, acidity, aroma, and stone cells.
This study provides further clarification of the evolutionary history of pear along with independent domestication of Asian and European pears. Furthermore, it provides substantive and valuable genomic resources that will significantly advance pear improvement and molecular breeding efforts.
•IPM programs conserved larger natural enemy communities relative to conventional.•Pear psylla numbers in IPM were generally low at the end of the season.•In some years psylla numbers in IPM and ...organic were elevated early season.•Small late season psylla populations in IPM and organic resulted in low honeydew during pear harvest.•To maintain acceptable fruit marking in IPM cultural tools and spray thresholds may be needed.
Pear psylla and honeydew marking to fruit cause significant economic damage to pears in Washington, a key pear growing region of the United States. The goal of this project is to compare an integrated pest management (IPM) program using materials which selectively target pests and relies on large natural enemy populations to grower standard conventional and organic pear pest management. In six locations throughout the growing region three management techniques organic, conventional and IPM were designated to 2 ha plots in grower managed orchards. Natural enemy and pest populations were monitored using beat tray, leaf brush and trapping methods. Pest excreted honeydew levels on leaves as well as fruit marking were measured to compare the relative success of pest management programs. IPM programs, using materials which selectively target pests, successfully increased natural enemy populations and kept psylla and honeydew levels low at the end of the season. However, early season pest populations resulted in fruit marking in some years. Fruit quality in IPM programs was similar to organic orchards in 2018, and organic and conventional in 2019, but fruit quality varied by orchard. In order to maintain consistent season-long control, further revision of IPM programs for Pacific Northwest pears is necessary including management tools such as targeted insecticide applications, honeydew washing systems using designated overhead sprinklers, and natural enemy thresholds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Multi-cultivar models were developed using European pear from five cultivars.•A hybrid method eliminated signal variations caused by different pear cultivars.•Pear’s quality indices were predicted ...on-site by a portable Vis–NIR spectrometer.•Model parameters were determined by F values.•Root mean square errors of prediction for SSC and firmness were 0.45% and 8.11N.
The feasibility of a multi-cultivar model’s development for the on-site determination of the internal qualities of European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Abate’, ‘Cascade’, ‘Conference’, ‘Red Comice’ and ‘Wujiuxiang’ was investigated. In total, 240 pear samples, 48 for each cultivar, were collected during fruit post-ripening period under retail stage conditions to explore the performance of a technique for developing soluble solid content and firmness models with partial least squares (PLS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) methods A commercially available portable visible and near-infrared spectrometer was used to collect the absorbance spectra (500–1010nm) of pears. A hybrid method, orthogonal signal correction (OSC) combined with other spectral pre-process methods, such as standardization, second-order derivation and Savitzkye–Golay smoothing, was employed to filter out the variations in signals caused by different pear cultivars. Compared with the routine PLS and MLR models, the performances of the OSC–PLS and OSC–MLR models resulted in higher ratios of prediction to deviation. A new external sample set obtained at the retail stage was used to assess the performances of the best multi-cultivar models of soluble solid content and firmness, which resulted in greater coefficients of determination for prediction of 0.87 and 0.66, respectively, and lower root mean square errors of prediction of 0.45% and 8.11N, respectively. The results highlighted the potential of portable Vis–NIR instruments for the on-site testing of internal quality indices of European pears. The development of a multi-cultivar model for fruit is necessary and significant, in particular for improving the performance of the firmness model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Fruit bagging is an effective technique for fruit protection in the orchard management. Bagging can create a micro-environment for fruit growth and affect fruit quality during storage, in which the ...diversity of microorganisms may play an important role. Therefore, various methods including biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and bioinformatics methods were used to reveal the influences of fruit bagging on postharvest fruit quality, physiological characters, decay and surface fungal community of 'Yali' pear fruit were investigated in this study. Fruit bagging significantly decreased the postharvest decay after 15 days of ambient storage. There were no significant differences in fruit firmness, titratable acid and ethylene production rate between the fruit-bagging and non-bagging group after 15 days of storage, while the soluble solids contents (SSC) and respiration rate in non-bagging fruit was significantly higher than that in fruit-bagging after 15 days of storage. Furthermore, the surface microbes of pear were collected and determined by the new generation sequencing technology. The alpha diversity of fungi in non-bagging fruit decreased significantly after 15 days of storage, while there were no significant changes in bagging fruit. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the two major phyla detected in the bagging fruit, and the dominant fungal genera were Alternaria (23.7%), Mycosphaerella (17.25%), Vishniacozyma (16.14%), and Aureobasidium (10.51%) after 15 days of storage. For the non-bagging pear, Ascomycota was the only phylum detected, and the dominant genera was Pichia (83.32%) after 15 days of storage. The abundance of Pichia may be regarded as the biomarker to indicate the degree of fruit decay. This study showed that fruit bagging could significantly reduce postharvest fruit decay and respiration rate of 'Yali' pear. Significant differences were found in fungal composition between bagging and non-bagging pear after storage for 0 or 15 days. Fruit bagging maintained the diversity of fungi on the fruit surface, increased the abundance of non-pathogenic fungi, and even antagonistic fungi such as Aureobasidium, Vishniacozyma, and Mycosphaerella. A reduction in the abundance of pathogenic fungi and incidence of postharvest decay during the storage of 'Yali' pear were also recorded. In conclusion, fruit-bagging changed the fungal diversity on fruit surface of 'Yali' pear, which had significant effect on reducing postharvest fruit decay, and thus prolong the storage period of 'Yali' pears. The future thrust of this study will focus on the isolation of fungi or bacteria from pear fruit surface and identify their roles in causing fruit decay and changing fruit quality during storage.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Hyperspectral data in Vis-NIR range was used to build calibration models for prediction of α-farnesene and CTols.•The best result for α-farnesene was obtained by LS-SVM model based ...on MSC-FD pretreatment with the RPD value of 2.6.•The optimal result for CTols (CT281) was achieved by LS-SVM model combined with SD pretreatment with PRD value of 2.4.
The sesquiterpene α-farnesene and its corresponding oxidation products, namely conjugated trienols (CTols) is well known to be correlated with the development of superficial scald, a typical physiological disorder after a long term of cold storage in pear fruit. In this work, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology was used for nondestructive predicting of α-farnesene and CTols CT258, CT281 and CT(281-290) content in ‘Yali’ pear. In order to obtain the best performance of calibration model and simplify the calibration model further, various preprocessing methods together with their combinations and different wavelength selection algorithms, including successive projections algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and uninformative variable elimination (UVE), were investigated and compared based on linear partial least square regression (PLSR) and nonlinear least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) models, respectively. In conclusion, compared to the PLSR models, the results of LS-SVM models based on original and preprocessing methods performed better for the prediction of α-farnesene and CTols, while the performance of LS-SVM models based on the selected characteristic wavelengths were worse. For α-farnesene, the best result was obtained by LS-SVM model based on MSC-FD pretreatment with the RPD value of 2.6, Rp = 0.925 and RMSEP = 4.387 nmol cm−2. And for CTols, CT281 performed better compared with CT258 and CT(281-290), achieving the result with RPD = 2.4, Rp = 0.913 and RMSEP = 2.734 nmol cm−2 based on LS-SVM model combined with SD pretreatment. The overall results illustrated HSI technology could be used for rapid and nondestructive prediction of α-farnesene and CTols in ‘Yali’ pear, which would be helpful for supporting postharvest decision systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pear scab, caused by Venturia nashicola, is one of the most devastating diseases of Asian pears in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. To manage this disease, growers mainly relied on chemical control. ...However, continuous use of chemical causes not only environmental contaminant but also the emergence of resistance to pathogens, so a more sustainable management plan is needed. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the life cycle and infection characteristics of V. nashicola and to set an active control strategy according to meteorological conditions rather than, as in the past, calendar-based control or continuous use of a specific fungicide system. Various results of the related research results were reviewed to summarize the race, infection characteristics, and control system of V. nashicola, a pear scab, and to discuss plans for a more effective control system.
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•Ultrasound-assisted extraction demonstrated effective recovery of betalain compounds from prickly pears.•Glycerol as green solvent was utilized for both extraction and encapsulation ...of betalain, providing a dual action.•Compared to conventional methods, encapsulated betalain demonstrated twice the bio-accessibility.•The encapsulated pigment displayed anti-inflammatory properties without any observed cytotoxicity.
The study aimed to extract and encapsulate betalain pigment from prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) using ultrasound-assisted extraction and eco-friendly glycerol. Subsequent analysis encompassed assessing its thermal stability, shelf-life, bio-accessibility, and biological properties. The process optimization employed Response Surface Methodology (RSM), focusing on glycerol concentration (20–50 %), sample to solvent ratio (1:10–1:20), temperature (30–60 °C), and time (10–30 min). Optimal conditions were determined as 23.15 % glycerol, 1:10 sample to solvent ratio, 10.43 min treatment time, and 31.15 °C temperature. Under these conditions, betalain content reached 858.28 mg/L with a 93.76 % encapsulation efficiency. Thermal stability tests (80–180 °C; 30 & 60 min) showed degradation of betalain with higher temperatures and longer durations, affecting the visual aspect (ΔE) of the pigment. Encapsulated betalain exhibited favorable shelf stability, with optimal storage life of 404.27 days at 4 °C in amber conditions, compared to 271.99 days at 4 °C without amber, 141.92 days at 25 °C without amber, and 134.22 days at 25 °C with amber. Bio-accessibility of encapsulated betalain was significantly higher (2.05 ± 0.03 %) than conventionally extracted pigment (1.03 ± 0.09 %). The encapsulated pigment displayed strong anti-inflammatory properties in dosages of 2–20 µL, with no cytotoxic effects. Additionally, incorporation into gummies was successful and visually approved by sensory panellists. Glycerol proved to be a green encapsulating agent for betalain, offering high shelf life and bio-accessibility, making it suitable for food industry applications. The encapsulated pigment demonstrated robust thermal stability and shelf life, making it suitable for food industry applications. This study highlights glycerol’s potential as a sustainable alternative for natural pigment extraction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Herein, we examined the effects of plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment on the native microflora survival, quality maintenance, and antioxidant activity of fresh-cut pears, which were washed with ...PAW under three different conditions (peak voltage = 6, 8, and 10 kV) for 5 min and then stored at 4 °C for 12 days. Distilled water and sodium hypochlorite treatment were used as control and comparison, respectively. Results showed that all PAW treatments significantly inhibited the growth of aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold during storage, with the 8-kV PAW treatment maintaining the lowest growth rate. Additionally, no significant change was observed in the soluble solid content and titratable acidy of fresh-cut pears treated with PAW. Treatment by 6-kV PAW significantly slowed down the softening of fresh-cut pears, while the 8-kV PAW treatment significantly reduced the mass loss and the total phenolic content (
P
< 0.05). The ascorbic acid content and radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) of fresh-cut pears were affected by PAW treatment only at the beginning of storage. After 8 days of storage, no significant differences were found in ascorbic acid content and radical scavenging activity among the samples (
P
> 0.05). Furthermore, PAW outperformed sodium hypochlorite in antimicrobial effectiveness and quality maintenance. Taken together, these results suggest that PAW treatment might be a promising strategy to control microbial growth and maintain the quality of fresh-cut pears.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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