This book brings up-to-date information on different topics about the pear tree cultivation. The book was organized by Alberto Ramos Luz, Technologist in Fruit Crops, MD and PhD in Plant Production, ...specialist and lover of this culture. The chapters were written in collaboration with researchers and professors from Universities and Research Institutions of four different continents (South America, North America, Europe and Asia). The book was divided in the following chapters:1. Propagation and orchard establishment (Giacobbo et al.); 2. Traditional pear varieties in the east region of Republic of North Macedonia (Selamovska et al.); 3. An updated view on fertilization and pollination in European pears (Pyrus communis) (Goldway et al.); 4. Vegetative growth control (Pasa et al.); 5. Precocity production of pear trees grafted on high-vigor rootstocks (Almeida et al.); 6. Dormancy adaptation in pear trees grown under mild winter conditions in Brazil (Herter et al.); 7. Management techniques to increase yield of European pear trees grown in subtropical climate (Luz et al.); and 8. Water management based on precision agriculture for pears (Yamazaki and Miyakawa). Basic content and more specific and in-depth content are presented such as a series of research results and experiences on behavior and management tools to grown pear trees in subtropical climate, warmer conditions of the traditionally cultivated areas, subject of world-wide interest in the face of the climatic changes that are occurring over the years.
A woman with recent personalized external aortic root support implant presented in cardiogenic shock with bilateral coronary ostial occlusion and aortic inflammation requiring emergency coronary ...angioplasty. Subsequent computed tomography with positron emission tomography scanning demonstrated aortitis with extensive inflammation adjacent to the personalized external aortic root support mesh, the first report of this important complication.
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Betalains are unique nitrogen-containing pigments found exclusively in families of the Caryophyllales order and some higher order fungi, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. Betalains, consisting ...of betacyanins and betaxanthins are generally used as color additives in food. This review discusses on the favorable effects of acute and chronic consumption of betalains, whose edible sources consist primarily of red beetroots (Beta vulgaris) and prickly pears (fruit of the Opuntia genus of cacti). Moreover, it encompasses in vivo and in vitro studies about the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of betanin and indicaxanthin. It seems that treatment with betalains and betalain-rich diets is not only nontoxic but could also prove to be a promising alternative to supplement therapies in oxidative stress-, inflammation-, and dyslipidemia-related diseases such as stenosis of the arteries, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cancer, among others. Due to its toxicological safety, accessibility, low price, biodegradability, and potentially advantageous biological effects on health, the incorporation of betalains in food manufacturing and related industries could pave the way to overcome current concerns over the health risks of artificial colors. Nevertheless, further studies using pure betalains are required to gain a deeper understanding of their precise biological functions.
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Transcription factors (TFs) are involved in many important biological processes, including cell stretching, histological differentiation, metabolic activity, seed storage, gene regulation, and ...response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Little is known about the functions, evolutionary history, and expression patterns of basic region-leucine zipper TF family genes in pear, despite the release of the genome of Chinese white pears ("Dangshansuli").
Overall, 92 bZIP genes were identified in the pear genome (Pyrus breschneideri). Of these, 83 were randomly distributed on all 17 chromosomes except chromosome 4, and the other 9 genes were located on loose scaffolding. The genes were divided into 14 subgroups. Whole-genome duplications, dispersed duplication, and purifying selection for whole-genome duplications are the main reasons for the expansion of the PbrbZIP gene family. The analysis of functional annotation enrichment indicated that most of the functions of PbrbZIP genes were enriched in Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways involved in the abiotic stress response. Next, expression analysis and virus-induced gene silencing results indicated that PbrbZIP genes might play critical roles in response to drought and cold stresses, especially for the genes from subgroups A, C, G, I, and S.
Ninety-two PbrbZIP genes were identified from the pear genome and classified into 14 subgroups. PbrbZIP genes were mainly expanded from whole-genome duplications and dispersed duplications and retained by purifying selection. PbrbZIP genes were induced by cold and drought stresses and played important roles in drought and cold tolerance. These results provided useful information for further increasing the tolerance of pears to stresses and a foundation to study the cold and drought tolerance mechanism of PbrbZIP genes.
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•Lack of elasticity in the cork layer causes fruit cracking in ‘Sinhwa’ pears.•Calcium content influences the occurrence of cracking.•Cracking is reduced when the soil potential ranges from −20 to ...−30 kPa.•Foliar application of calcium reduces cracking.
Fruit cracking poses a significant challenge to ‘Sinhwa’ pear cultivation and has potential economic repercussions for growers due to its adverse effects on yield and fruit quality. This study delves into the phenomenon of fruit cracking in ‘Sinhwa’ pears by conducting a comprehensive analysis of its causes and exploring the efficacy of foliar fertilization as a mitigation strategy. To reveal the conditions contributing to fruit cracking in ‘Sinhwa’ pears, moisture change regimes were systematically applied to 5-year-old ‘Sinhwa' trees from 2018 to 2020 during post-flowering and harvest periods. Alternating wet and dry conditions resulted in the highest fruit cracking rates, thus highlighting the importance of consistent soil moisture levels for mitigating cracking. Furthermore, the timing of fruit cracking and its histological characteristics in ‘Sinhwa’ pears were examined to understand the underlying causes. Microcracks appeared approximately 60 days after full bloom and preceded visible cracking, although notable changes in epidermis thickness and stone cell layer distribution were observed. Analysis of the nutrient content revealed differences in calcium and potassium levels between intact and cracked fruits, thus providing insights into potential nutritional influences on fruit quality. Potential mitigation strategies included foliar application of 0.3 % calcium chloride and 0.5 % potassium nitrate, and they demonstrated promising results in reducing fruit cracking rates compared to the control. Fruit characteristics, including mass and hardness, varied among the treatment groups, with treated trees showing notable increases in calcium content, which were correlated with decreases in fruit cracking incidence. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of foliar fertilization, gene expression levels associated with fruit cracking were analyzed by real-time PCR. Higher expression of heat-related expansion genes (Exp1 and Exp2) was observed in the treated fruits, particularly those in the calcium chloride and potassium nitrate treatments, suggesting the role of these elements in mitigating fruit cracking. This study provides valuable insights into the causes of fruit cracking in ‘Sinhwa’ pears and offers practical mitigation strategies, such as foliar fertilization. Moreover, the findings underscore the importance of maintaining consistent soil moisture levels and optimizing nutrient management practices to enhance fruit quality and minimize economic losses in ‘Sinwha’ pear cultivation.
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► This is a review of superficial scald, a physiological storage disorder of apples and pears. ► This review is an overview of the evidence for and against the hypothesis that α-farnesene oxidation ...products cause the damage resulting in skin browning. ► It discusses the recent findings on the genes involved in α-farnesene synthesis and oxidation. ► Methods of control of scald development other than antioxidants are reviewed, including recent developments in controlled atmosphere, ethylene inhibitors and stress treatments.
Superficial scald is a physiological disorder causing brown or black patches on fruit skin that appears during or after storage on apples and pears. At least partial control of the disorder can be obtained from application of antioxidants, especially the commonly used diphenylamine (DPA), as well as low oxygen storage; scald development is assumed to be an oxidative process. However, the etiology and biochemistry that leads to its development are not completely understood. This is an overview of the evidence for and against the hypothesis that α-farnesene oxidation products cause the damage resulting in skin browning. It discusses the recent findings on the genes involved in α-farnesene synthesis and oxidation, and their induction or repression by abiotic stresses and ethylene. Methods of control of scald development other than antioxidants are reviewed, including recent developments in controlled atmospheres, ethylene inhibitors and stress treatments. In addition, recent research on the use of metabolic approaches to understand the changes occurring during the induction period for scald in the fruit is discussed.
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The development of natural protective agents as alternatives to chemical fungicides is currently in the spotlight. In the present investigation, chemical composition and antifungal activities of ...thyme, cinnamon, rosemary and marjoram essential oils (EO), as well as synergism of their possible double and triple combinations were investigated. The compositions of the oils were determined by GC/MS. For determination of antifungal activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, a broth microdilution method was used. The possible interactions of some essential oil combinations were performed by the two and three-dimensional checkerboard assay and isobologram construction. An in vivo antifungal assay was performed by artificial wounding of pear fruits. The maximum antifungal activity was demonstrated by thyme and cinnamon oils which displayed lower MIC values whereas rosemary and marjoram oils with MIC range between 2500 and 10,000μg/mL exhibited weak antifungal activities against tested fungi. In synergy testing, some double combinations (thyme/cinnamon, thyme/rosemary, cinnamon/rosemary) were found to be synergistic (FICi≤0.5). The triple combination of thyme, cinnamon and rosemary was synergistic for B. cinerea and P. expansum (FICi values of 0.5 and 0.375, respectively); while combination of cinnamon, marjoram and thyme exhibited additive and synergistic effect against P. expansum (FIC=0.625) and B. cinerea (FIC=0.375) respectively. The usage of a mathematical Gompertz model in relation to fungal kinetics, showed that the model could be used to predict growth curves (R2=0.993±0.05). For B. cinerea, Gompertz parameters for double and triple combination treatments showed significant increase in lag phase (1.92 and 2.92days, respectively) compared to single treatments. Increase lag time up to 2.82days (P<0.05) also observed in P. expansum treated by triple combination of EOs. Base on the results, the lowest maximum growth rate (0.37mm/day) was observed in B. cinerea treated by triple combination of thyme, cinnamon and rosemary. The in vivo test also demonstrated considerable inhibitory effects of EO combination treatments. Average lesion diameter of pears treated with triple combination of cinnamon/rosemary/thyme (78, 1250, 39μg/mL) was 6mm and 8mm against B. cinerea and P. expansum respectively, in 10days at 25°C. Results also showed that double combination of thyme/cinnamon (78, 156μg/mL) has more inhibitory effect than single EO treatments.
•Antifungal activity of 4 essential oils against B. cinerea &P. expansum were tested.•Synergistic interactions of double & triple essential oil combinations were proved.•Inhibition kinetics of Eos combinations on fungal growth parameters was determined.•Modified Gompertz model as a reliable prediction tool for describing growth curves•In vivo test on pear fruit, approved the synergistic effect of Eos combinations.
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•Low temperature conditioning (LTC) reduced peel browning spot in ‘Huangguan’ pears.•LTC treatment retarded the decline of phenolics content of peel in ‘Huangguan’ pears.•LTC-treated fruits showed ...lower MDA content and activities of PPO and LOX of peel.•The expression of PPO1, PPO5 and LOX1 of peel were inhibited by LTC treatment.
‘Huangguan’ pears are susceptible to peel browning spots (PBS) during cold storage. In this study, the effects of low temperature conditioning (LTC) on fruit firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and PBS incidence in ‘Huangguan’ pears were investigated. Fruit were directly stored at 0°C (control) and conditioned at 10°C for 3 d (LTC), respectively. Afterwards, all fruit were stored at 0°C. Fruit firmness was unaffected by the LTC treatment. However, SSC was higher in the LTC-treated fruit than in control fruit on days 30 and 60. Compared with the control, LTC treatment effectively inhibited the development of PBS, reduced the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in peel tissue, the decline in the phenolic content, and it showed higher proline content before the appearance of PBS. In addition, LTC treatment decreased the expression levels of LOX1, PPO1 and PPO5 genes, while it up-regulated the expression of the PPO4 gene in peel tissue. These results indicate that the alleviation effect of LTC on the development of PBS was closely related to reduced membrane lipid peroxidation, activities of LOX and PPO, and the expression of LOX1, PPO1 and PPO5 genes in peel tissue in ‘Huangguan’ pears.
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