Abstract Efficient energy storage strategies have become a major priority in the last few years. Transition metal sulphides are popularly known as attractive electrode materials or supercapacitors ...due to their high theoretical capacitance, excellent electrical conductivity, and favourable redox properties. Through compositional and structural engineering, some transition metal sulphides like Mn, V, Co, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn, W, and Sn have shown substantial improvements in electrochemical performance. Composite engineering and morphological control are two of the key strategies employed to improve the TMS electrode’s electrochemical performance. Excellent electrochemical TMSs address the issues of slow kinetics, poor stability, and large volume expansions. This study reveal optimised TMSs potential to transform supercapacitor applications and provides viable approaches to conquer current hurdles to shape the forthcoming century’s high-performance and low-cost energy storage technology. The effects of composite engineering and morphological control on the ultimate electrochemical performance of the electrode materials are the primary focus of this investigation. Challenges to the further advancement of transition metal sulphide-based electrode materials are also explored in this article. Critical approaches to resolving significant issues in our current understanding of the kinetic and mechanistic perspectives of charge storage processes, i.e., slow kinetics, poor stability, and volume expansions, are also highlighted. Ultimately, future potentials, challenges, and possible solutions to tackle these problems are broadly discussed.
Leisure constraints theory was used as a framework to systematically review factors associated with dropout of organized sport among children and adolescents. Keyword searches for the population, ...context and construct of interest (i.e. dropout) identified articles from the entire contents of the following databases: Academic Search Complete, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus. The initial search yielded 557 studies, and 43 met the selection criteria. Most studies focused solely on adolescents, and 89% of participants were male. Most studies were cross-sectional using quantitative approaches. Almost 30 different sports were included in the reviewed studies; however, the most represented sports were soccer, swimming, gymnastics and basketball. Findings from this review indicated that intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints are more frequently associated with dropping out of sport than structural constraints. Although many discrete factors associated with dropout were identified, five major areas emerged: lack of enjoyment, perceptions of competence, social pressures, competing priorities and physical factors (maturation and injuries). Rarely were the interrelationships between factors or the underlying dimensions of factors examined. Future research would benefit from mixed-methods and prospective approaches. These approaches would allow children and youth to explain how their experience of sport shaped their motives to dropout and allow researchers to probe the extent to which affordances and motives for participation aligned with athletes’ reasons for dropping out.
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23.
Conditions for Intuitive Expertise Kahneman, Daniel; Klein, Gary
The American psychologist,
09/2009, Volume:
64, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article reports on an effort to explore the differences between two approaches to intuition and expertise that are often viewed as conflicting: heuristics and biases (HB) and naturalistic ...decision making (NDM). Starting from the obvious fact that professional intuition is sometimes marvelous and sometimes flawed, the authors attempt to map the boundary conditions that separate true intuitive skill from overconfident and biased impressions. They conclude that evaluating the likely quality of an intuitive judgment requires an assessment of the predictability of the environment in which the judgment is made and of the individual's opportunity to learn the regularities of that environment. Subjective experience is not a reliable indicator of judgment accuracy.
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Peer assessment has proven to have positive learning outcomes. Importantly, peer assessment is a social process and some claim that the use of anonymity might have advantages. However, the findings ...have not always been in the same direction. Our aims were: (a) to review the effects of using anonymity in peer assessment on performance, peer feedback content, peer grading accuracy, social effects and students' perspective on peer assessment; and (b) to investigate the effects of four moderating variables (educational level, peer grading, assessment aids, direction of anonymity) in relation to anonymity. A literature search was conducted including five different terms related to peer assessment (e.g., peer feedback) and anonymity. Fourteen studies that used a control group or a within group design were found. The narrative review revealed that anonymous peer assessment seems to provide advantages for students' perceptions about the learning value of peer assessment, delivering more critical peer feedback, increased self-perceived social effects, a slight tendency for more performance, especially in higher education and with less peer assessment aids. Some conclusions are that: (a) when implementing anonymity in peer assessment the instructional context and goals need to be considered, (b) existent empirical research is still limited, and (c) future research should employ stronger and more complex research designs.
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Previous educational research has extensively investigated the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and academic performance. In higher education, however, this relationship still ...deserves a comprehensive examination given both practical and conceptual reasons. To attend to this need, a mixed-methods systematic literature review of 42 studies has been carried out. In the first part, a summative content analysis examines how SES and academic performance are measured. In the second part, a meta-analysis estimates the effect size of the relationship between SES and academic performance in higher education. Findings suggest that SES is measured through education, occupation, income, household resources, and neighborhood resources, while academic performance in higher education is measured through achievement, competencies, and persistence. Furthermore, the meta-analysis reveals a positive yet weak relationship between SES and academic performance in higher education. Prior academic achievement, university experience, and working status are more strongly related to academic performance than SES.
•A strong theoretical framework to study the SES-academic performance relationship is still missing in higher education.•The current study proposes operationalizations of SES and academic performance that take their complexity into account.•Prior achievement, university experience, and working status likely mediate the SES-academic performance relationship.
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Performance evaluation is a comprehensive process for comparing activities compared with predetermined organizational criteria. Based on the results of performance evaluation, organizations can ...embark on purposeful actions to improve their situation. Obviously, the success of organizations and the economic development of the country depend on the performance of human resources (HR). This paper proposes a novel hybrid evaluation framework for analyzing the performance of public sector organizations. The suggested setting allows for performance evaluation based on a comprehensive approach involving expert knowledge. For this purpose, the research integrates the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. Initially, the employees’ performance factors (criteria) are identified from the literature based on the BSC dimensions. Then, the most relevant of them are finalized through the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) questionnaires and experts’ opinions. In the second stage, the weights of criteria are determined by adopting the fuzzy best-worst method (FBWM). Moreover, two fuzzy MCDM techniques, namely VIKOR and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA), are used to examine the performance of the eight important public sector organizations of Iran. Finally, a Monte Carlo simulation-based (MCSB) approach and a scenario-based (SCB) approach are applied to compare the effectiveness of fuzzy VIKOR and fuzzy GRA. The results suggest that the critical employees’ performance factors include sharing knowledge with colleagues (0.136), optimal use of facilities (0.123) and participation in solving organizational issues (0.118). Additionally, based on the implemented sensitivity analysis approaches, fuzzy VIKOR generates more reliable results and also has higher robustness than fuzzy GRA.
•This paper proposes an integrated multi-criteria approach for analysis of performance of public enterprises.•The suggested setting allows for performance evaluation based on a comprehensive approach involving expert knowledge.•The research integrates the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach, Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM), Fuzzy VIKOR, and Fuzzy GRA simultaneously.
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A substantial body of literature has highlighted many factors that impede faculty change, the most common of which are a lack of training, time, and incentives. However, there may be other ...barriers--unacknowledged and unexamined barriers--that might prove to be equally important. In particular, the tensions between a scientist's professional identity and the call for faculty pedagogical change are rarely, if ever, raised as a key impediment to widespread biology education reform. In this article, the authors propose that scientists' professional identities--how they view themselves and their work in the context of their discipline and how they define their professional status--may be an invisible and underappreciated barrier to undergraduate science teaching reform, one that is not often discussed, because very few educators reflect upon their professional identity and the factors that influence it. The authors' primary goal in this article is to raise the following question: Will addressing training, time, and incentives be sufficient to achieve widespread pedagogical change in undergraduate biology education, or will modifying their professional identity also be necessary?
This article considers whether it is appropriate to continue distinguishing between international and domestic student experiences and whether vertical institutional structures limit our thinking in ...the provision of relevant, targeted services and support. It reflects on the heterogeneous nature of the international student population and compares that with diversity among domestic students. Outlining some of the factors which can affect their experiences, it argues that the traditional distinction between international and domestic students may be increasingly difficult to sustain. It suggests we need greater nuance in service delivery, and that working laterally across the institution could result in a more comprehensive approach to internationalisation, diversity, social and cultural inclusion to better support students, regardless of provenance.
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Theory at both the micro and macro level predicts that investments in superior human capital generate better firm-level performance. However, human capital takes time and money to develop or acquire, ...which potentially offsets its positive benefits. Indeed, extant tests appear equivocal regarding its impact. To clarify what is known, we meta-analyzed effects drawn from 66 studies of the human capital-firm performance relationship and investigated 3 moderators suggested by resource-based theory. We found that human capital relates strongly to performance, especially when the human capital in question is not readily tradable in labor markets and when researchers use operational performance measures that are not subject to profit appropriation. Our results suggest that managers should invest in programs that increase and retain firm-specific human capital.
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30.
Improving Programs and Outcomes Bertram, Rosalyn M.; Blase, Karen A.; Fixsen, Dean L.
Research on social work practice,
07/2015, Volume:
25, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article presents recent refinements to implementation constructs and frameworks. It updates and clarifies the frequently cited study conducted by the National Implementation Research Network ...that introduced these frameworks for application in diverse endeavors. As such, it may serve as a historical marker in the rapidly developing science and language of implementation. Within this presentation, two studies alternate as examples of how these frameworks can be used as a practical guide for more effective implementation of human service programs.
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