Objective: Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a short-term trauma-focused intervention originally developed for treating survivors of war and torture. The neurobiological theoretical foundations of ...NET would suggest that the approach should have long term beneficial effects. We tested this assumption and also provided an extensive overview of all NET studies for adults, for children (KIDNET), and for perpetrators (Forensic Offender Rehabilitation NET; FORNET).
Method: Following a systematic literature review, we conducted meta-analyses with all studies that had control conditions, and with all Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). We assessed between-groups short- (< 6 months) and long-term (≥ 6 months) effect sizes for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.
Results: In a total of 56 studies from 30 countries comparing 1370 participants treated with NET to 1055 controls, we found large between group effect sizes regarding the reduction of PTSD symptoms in favor of NET. Analyses of RCTs with active controls yielded small to medium effect sizes in the short-term, and large effect sizes in the long-term.
Conclusions: NET, KIDNET, and FORNET yield beneficial and sustainable treatment results for severely traumatized individuals living in adverse circumstances. Studies in highly developed health care systems comparing NET with other evidence-based trauma-focused interventions are needed.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Since coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged at the beginning of 2020, reports of anti-Asian racism have surged, yet little is known in the empirical literature about participants' lived experience ...of racism during this time. We designed a qualitative, intrinsic, revelatory case study to examine the different types of anti-Asian racism being perpetrated, and the contexts and perpetrators during the first 6 months of COVID-19. We analyzed the online and written responses of 193 self-identified Asian Americans from over 32 states and corroborated their experiences with news articles, journal articles, and reports of anti-Asian hate crimes published during the same period. Our analysis yielded 11 types of racist experiences: (a) No direct personal experience, only vicarious, (b) Stared at, glared at, shunned, (c) Singled out and treated poorly, (d) Indirectly referenced in third person, (e) Was the butt of a racist joke, (f) Blamed for the virus, (g) Stereotyped with racist characterization, (h) Told to go back to an Asian country, (i) Called a racial slur, (j) Hostile verbal assault, and (k) Physically threatened. Regarding the context and perpetrator of anti-Asian racism, our analysis yielded seven subthemes: (a) from friends and family, (b) at school and work, (c) in daily tasks, (d) while commuting, (e) in the socialization of children, (f) in online spaces, and (g) from police and security officers. Our findings showcase the wide range of anti-Asian racism and underscore the need to integrate scientific research with advocacy efforts to enhance awareness of anti-Asian racism.
What is the public significance of this article?
We designed a qualitative study to examine anti-Asian racism during the first 6 months of COVID-19 in the U.S. We wanted to know what types of racism were being perpetrated, by whom, and in what settings. Our findings revealed a wider range of anti-Asian racism than what has been captured in the scientific literature and advocacy efforts to document Asian American experiences of racism.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
We examined the effects of victim and perpetrator alcohol intoxication on perceptions of campus sexual assault. Participants (N = 276) read a campus assault vignette; both perpetrator and victim ...intoxication levels were manipulated. Participants reported attitudes toward both parties and perceptions of responsibility, blame, and criminal and civil liability. Contrary to some past research, participants blamed victims less—and more strongly considered the incident rape or sexual assault—when victims were highly intoxicated. Perceptions were most punitive toward sober perpetrators with highly intoxicated victims. Results suggest possible shifts in perceptions of consent, further discussed in the context of historical and population factors.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
It is the norm for adolescents to form friendships online but connecting with strangers poses risks of online grooming. Adult perpetrators take advantage of the internet's anonymity and accessibility ...to befriend and groom young people for sexual abuse. Much of the existing research has focused on the offender's perspective and grooming tactics, while extensive studies on victim profiles have focused on risk factors and young people's vulnerabilities to online grooming.
This research takes an in-depth look into grooming processes from the perspective of the adolescent victim and explores how the relationships progressed online-to-offline, resulting in sexual abuse. It aims to understand young people's motivations and mindsets by exploring their lived experiences of offline meeting with adult perpetrators.
The sample consisted of adolescents aged 14–21 in the UK and EU.
Using data from the Risk-taking Online Behavior Empowerment through Research and Training Project, six interviews were examined using an interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Four themes emerged: 1) Varied interpretations of risk 2) Taking control 3) Seeking security and validation; and 4) Shifts in perspective. The subtleties of online grooming were masked by the adolescents' misplaced trust as they displayed agency in pursuing opportunities for online friendships or sexual activities.
Findings suggest an insufficient knowledge of grooming and the need to more clearly define risks among adolescents. Safety guidelines should highlight the subtleties of grooming tactics and harmful behaviours that may not be readily perceived as abuse.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Reproductive coercion is associated with poor health outcomes in women. This study examined exposure to and use of reproductive coercion and care seeking among college students.
A cross-sectional ...survey was administered to 2291 college students of all genders seeking care in college health and counselling centres as baseline data for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.
Online surveys were collected (9/2015-3/2017). Descriptive statistics, chi-square, Fisher's exact and t-tests were analysed.
Among female participants, 3.1% experienced reproductive coercion in the prior 4 months. Experience was associated with older age (p = .041), younger age at first intercourse (p = .004), Black/African American race (p < .001), behaviourally bisexual (p = .005), more lifetime sexual partners (p < .001) and ever pregnant (p = .010). Sexually transmitted infection (p < .001), recent drug use or smoking (p = .018; p = .001), requiring special health equipment (p = .049), poor school performance (p < .001) and all categories of violence (p = <.001-.015) were associated with women's reproductive coercion experience. Participants who experienced reproductive coercion were more likely to seek care for both counselling and healthcare, (p = .022) and sexually transmitted infection (p = .004). Among males, 2.3% reported recent use of reproductive coercion; these participants reported sexual violence perpetration (p = .005), less condom use (p = .003) and more sexual partners than non-perpetrators (p < .001).
Although reproductive coercion was reported infrequently among college students, those students experiencing it appear to be at risk for poor health and academic outcomes. Health and counselling centres are promising settings to address RC and related health behaviours.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Este artículo discute los límites y progresos de los programas para hombres como estrategia de política criminal de enfrentamiento a la violencia de género en Chile. Para alcanzar el objetivo ...propuesto se realiza un análisis jurídico-criminológico del proceso de incorporación de estas intervenciones en el ámbito legal, en las políticas estatales de prevención y represión de la violencia de género y de los estudios disponibles sobre sus resultados. En las conclusiones se elaboran propuestas de mejora y se reconoce que las intervenciones pueden ser una respuesta judicial que contribuya a reducir la violencia de género, siempre y cuando se fundamenten en la evidencia científica. Recibido: 29.02.2024Aceptado: 19.03.2024
Background Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a global public health problem. One study conducted over 66 countries found that 13.5% of all homicides and 38.6% of female homicides were committed by ...an intimate partner. In South Africa, there were no published studies that examine alleged perpetrators of IPH that were referred for forensic psychiatric observation.Aim To describe the profile of accused persons referred for forensic psychiatric observation for a charge of murder or attempted murder of their intimate partners. Certain characteristics were further examined according to the psychiatric observation outcomes.Setting The study was conducted at Sterkfontein Hospital, a forensic psychiatric hospital in Gauteng, South Africa.Methods A retrospective record review of accused persons referred for forensic psychiatric observation for a charge of murder or attempted murder of their intimate partners was conducted. The period of the review was 19 years. The definition of intimate partners included current or former spouses and partners, same-sex partners and rejected suitors.Results One hundred and sixty-three files, which included forensic psychiatric reports, were reviewed. The findings related to the profile of accused persons and offence characteristics indicated that: (1) history of violent behaviour is prevalent; (2) homicides mostly occur in private homes; (3) knives and firearms are most often used; (4) infidelity, separation and jealousy are common motives; (5) psychotic disorders, personality disorders and substance use disorders feature prominently. A total of 88% of the sample were found fit to stand trial and 82% were found criminally responsible. Factors significantly associated with being found fit to stand trial and criminally responsible following the forensic psychiatric observation were: male gender, having received a tertiary education, employment prior to the offence, earning a salary of more than R10 000, having no previous psychiatric or medical illness, a positive forensic history, previous intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, indicating a motive for the homicide, having no psychiatric illness at the time of the offence which would impact fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility.Factors significantly associated with being found not fit to stand trial and not criminally responsible following the forensic psychiatric observation were: female gender, having received a primary education, unemployment prior to the offence, having a previous psychiatric or medical illness, no forensic history, no previous IPV perpetration, not indicating a motive for the homicide, having a psychiatric illness at the time of the offence which would impact fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility.Conclusion The characteristics highlighted in this study can contribute to the development of risk assessment tools which can be used to identify likely perpetrators of IPH. Other interventions, for example controlling access to knives and firearms, reducing substance abuse and improving mental health services, are also important in the prevention of IPH.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
Mental contamination (MC) describes subjective internal feelings of ‘dirtiness’, which are experienced in the absence of direct physical contact/contaminants. There is evidence of a link ...between MC in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and the experience of past betrayals. However, it has also been noted that ‘perpetrators’ also experience MC. We aimed to replicate the previous finding of specificity of OCD for sensitivity to being betrayed by comparing with those suffering from depression, and to extend this by evaluating whether people with high MC OCD are also relatively more sensitive to the idea that they might betray others compared to those with low levels of MC OCD.
Design
A cross‐sectional, between‐groups design was used.
Method
Four groups, high MC OCD (N = 60), low MC OCD (N = 61), depression (N = 28), and non‐clinical controls (N = 46) completed online questionnaires. Participants were recruited through the National Health Service (NHS) and social media.
Results
Relative to all groups, the high MC OCD group had significantly higher scores both for betrayal sensitivity and sensitivity to betraying others. The depression group showed similar levels to low MC OCD in betrayal sensitivity but were significantly lower (and comparable to non‐clinical controls) in sensitivity to betraying others.
Conclusions
Betrayal sensitivity occurs trans‐diagnostically. There may be a specific link between the development of OCD and the perception of betraying others, perhaps linked to the trauma of being betrayed making those so affected more likely to worry about their own responsibility for betraying others.
Practitioner points
Clinicians should, across diagnoses, attend to sensitivity to being betrayed and the experiences which may have led to this.
Current treatments for MC OCD recommend working with historical experiences of ‘betrayal’. This study suggests that people with OCD also have an increased sensitivity to the idea of being a ‘perpetrator’ of betrayal linked to high responsibility beliefs.
Specifically for OCD, it is possible that the experience of previously being betrayed results in increased current sensitivity to being responsible for being a ‘betrayer’. It may, therefore, also be useful for therapists to consider if patients with MC OCD are concerned about potentially betraying others and to consider this within the formulation.
The focus of clinical work could be to redefine these difficulties by reappraising beliefs regarding experience of betrayal and the likelihood of betraying others.
Elevated levels of betrayal sensitivity were found in people with depression, and this may need to be considered in treatment approaches.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
In the present qualitative study, we analyzed voices of female sexual assault survivors to enhance the survivor-centered framework. We reviewed over 1,000 comments from a survey asking participants ...to share experiences following their sexual assault. Participants were 460 female survivors, including 163 reporters (those who reported their sexual assault to police officers) and 297 nonreporters. We identified four core themes (safety, empowerment and choice, collaboration, and explanation of procedures) as desired characteristics for the five key response personnel groups: patrol officers, detectives, sexual assault forensic examiner nurses, State's Attorney's Office staff, and victim advocates. We identified the strengths and weaknesses of each group based on the shared experiences of culturally marginalized and nonmarginalized reporters. A general free-text question answered by participants reflected on the four core themes, but also stressed the need for multiple layers of intervention in responding to sexual assault, as seen in two secondary themes (extra support and systemic change). Nonreporters also stressed barriers to reporting and regrets about not reporting. The power of survivors’ narratives can be used to guide the criminal justice system to uphold a truly survivor-centered approach. The complexities of gender and power inequality between the perpetrators, survivors, and response personnel should also be addressed.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
Empathy (i.e., the ability to decode emotions, as well as cognitive and emotional empathy) is involved in moral reasoning, prosocial behaviour, social and emotional adequacy, mood and ...behaviour regulation. Hence, alterations in these functions could reduce behaviour control and the adoption of specific types of violence such as intimate partner violence (IPV). Although interventions for IPV perpetrators focus on reducing IPV risk factors and increasing protective factors to prevent this kind of violence, the study of the effectiveness of these programmes in promoting changes in empathy (cognitive and emotional) has been neglected.
Design
Hence, the main aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two different modalities of IPV intervention programmes (Standard Batterer Intervention Programs SBIP vs. SBIP + Individualized Motivational Plan IMP) in promoting empathic improvements after both interventions.
Method
Participants were randomly assigned to receive SBIP (n = 40) or SBIP + IMP (n = 53). The effectiveness of the intervention in the total sample and the group effects were evaluated with general linear model repeated‐measures ANOVA.
Results
Results revealed that only the IPV perpetrators who received the SBIP + IMP were more accurate in decoding emotional facial signals and presented better cognitive empathy (perspective taking) after the intervention programme.
Conclusions
Our study reinforces the view that different modalities of IPV intervention might lead to different cognitive outcomes after the intervention. Thus, these results may help professionals to develop specific intervention programmes focused on improving cognitive abilities in order to reduce IPV recidivism.
Practitioner points
Interventions for batterers’ neglected empathic changes after these programmes.
Not enough randomized controlled trials for these kinds of interventions.
An improvement in the ability to decode emotions after the intervention programme.
An improvement in cognitive empathy (perspective taking) after the intervention programme.
Different modalities of IPV intervention might lead to different cognitive outcomes after the intervention.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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