Animal disease traceability has become an increasingly important topic within animal agriculture. Florida's breeders are encouraged to apply premise ID before marketing pigs to youth who will exhibit ...in terminal shows to assist with traceability. If pigs do not already have a premise ID tag, personnel from that terminal show should apply a plastic premise ID tag associated with that particular fair.
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Drug oxygenation is mainly mediated by cytochromes P450 (P450s, CYPs) and flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). Polymorphic variants of P450s and FMOs are known to influence drug ...metabolism. Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism and can be important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The success of research into drug-metabolizing enzymes and their impacts on drug discovery and development has been remarkable. Dogs and pigs are often used as preclinical animal models. This research update provides information on P450 and FMO enzymes in dogs and pigs and makes comparisons with their human enzymes. Newly identified dog CYP3A98, a testosterone 6β- and estradiol 16α-hydroxylase, is abundantly expressed in small intestine and is likely the major CYP3A enzyme in small intestine, whereas dog CYP3A12 is the major CYP3A enzyme in liver. The roles of recently identified dog CYP2J2 and pig CYP2J33/34/35 were investigated. FMOs have been characterized in humans and several other species including dogs and pigs. P450 and FMO family members have been characterized also in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. P450s have industrial applications and have been the focus of attention of many pharmaceutical companies. The techniques used to investigate the roles of P450/FMO enzymes in drug oxidation and clinical treatments have not yet reached maturity and require further development. The findings summarized here provide a foundation for understanding individual pharmacokinetic and toxicological results in dogs and pigs as preclinical models and will help to further support understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human P450/FMO functionality.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A review of published literature was conducted to identify pasture pig production system features that pose risks to animal welfare, and to develop recommendations aimed at improving the wellbeing of ...the animals managed in those systems. Pasture pig production systems present specific challenges to animal welfare that are inherent to the nature of these systems where producers have little room to make improvements. However, these systems present other challenges that could be reduced with a carefully designed system, by adopting appropriate management strategies and by avoiding management practices that are likely to negatively affect animal wellbeing. In pasture pig production systems, exposure to extreme temperatures, potential contact with wildlife and pathogens (especially parasites), vulnerability to predators, risk of malnutrition, pre-weaning piglet mortality, complexity of processes for monitoring and treating sick animals, and for cleaning and disinfection of facilities and equipment are among the main threats to animal welfare.
The main obstacle to organ transplantation is the shortage of organs from deceased individuals. Especially in China, the ratio of patients on the waiting list versus the transplant recipients is ...30:1. Therefore, there is an urgent need for organ donors. Genetically modified pig organs have proved to be a new source for xenotransplantation, and Chinese scientists have made considerable progress in this area during recent years. In this paper, we review four important aspects of the xenotransplantation field in China. First, a large variety of genetically modified pigs have been generated by Chinese scientists: all these genetically modified pigs and the purpose of these modifications will be summarized. Second, the preclinical research in pig‐to‐nonhuman primate xenotransplantation is outlined. The survival time and major biochemical parameters for the xenografts are summarized. Third, regarding the bench‐to‐bed approach, more suitable organs have been developed for xenotransplantation in humans, and in particular, pig islet transplantation into diabetic patients as well as pig‐to‐human cornea and skin transplantation. Fourth, we briefly address the regulations and prospects for recruiting xenotransplantation experts in China. Based on recent progress, we anticipate that genetically modified pigs will offer suitable organs for the treatment of end‐stage organ diseases in humans in the near future. Given the recent influx of world‐renowned scientists in xenotransplantation to China, our country will definitely become one of the major centers of xenotransplantation research and development in the world.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The parameters of the porcine eyeball Sanchez, Irene; Martin, Raul; Ussa, Fernando ...
Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology,
04/2011, Volume:
249, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Background
The eye of the domestic pig (
Sus scrofa domestica
) is an ex vivo animal model often used in vision sciences research (retina studies, glaucoma, cataracts, etc.). However, only a few ...papers have compiled pig eye anatomical descriptions. The purpose of this paper is to describe pig and human eye anatomical parameters to help investigators in their choice of animal model depending on their study objective.
Methods
A wide search of current medical literature was performed (English language) using PubMed. Anteroposterior axial length and corneal radius, astigmatism, vertical and horizontal diameter, and pachymetry (slit-scan and ultrasound) were measured in five enucleated pig eyes of animals 6 to 8 months old.
Results
Horizontal corneal diameter was 14.31 ± 0.25 mm (CI 95% 14.03 mm–14.59 mm), vertical diameter was 12.00 ± 0 mm, anteroposterior length was 23.9 ± 0.08 mm (CI 95% 23.01 mm–29.99 mm), central corneal ultrasound pachymetry was 877.6 ± 13.58 μm (CI 95% 865.70 μm–889.50 μm) and slit-scan pachymetry was 906.2 ± 15.30 μm (CI 95% 892.78 μm–919.61 μm). Automatic keratometry (main meridians) was 41.19 ± 1.76D and 38.83 ± 2.89D (CI 95% 40.53D–41.81D and 37.76D–39.89D respectively) with an astigmatism of 2.36 ± 1.70D (CI 95% 1.72D–3.00D), and manual keratometry was 41.05 ± 0.54D and 39.30 ± 1.15D (CI 95% 40.57D–41.52D and 38.29D–40.31D respectively) with an astigmatism of 1.75 ± 1.31D (CI 95% 0.60D–2.90D).
Conclusion
This paper describes the anatomy of the pig eyeball for easy use and interpretation by researchers who are considering their choice of animal model in vision sciences research.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The complement system, composed of complement components and complement control proteins, plays an essential role in innate immunity. Complement system molecules are expressed at the ...maternal-conceptus interface, and inappropriate activation of the complement system is associated with various adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans and rodents. However, the expression, regulation, and function of the complement system at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs have not been studied. In this study, we investigated the expression, localization, and regulation of complement system molecules at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs. Complement components and complement control proteins were expressed in the endometrium, early-stage conceptus, and chorioallantoic tissues during pregnancy. The expression of complement components acting on the early stage of complement activation increased in the endometrium on Day 15 of pregnancy, with greater levels on that day compared with the estrous cycle. Localization of several complement components and complement control proteins was cell-type specific in the endometrium. The expression of C1QC, C2, C3, C4A, CFI, ITGB2, MASP1, and SERPING1 was increased by IFNG in endometrial explant tissues. Furthermore, cleaved C3 fragments were detected in endometrial tissues and uterine flushings on Day 15 of the estrous cycle and Day 15 of pregnancy, with greater levels on Day 15 of pregnancy. These results suggest that complement system molecules in pigs expressed at the maternal-conceptus interface play important roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating innate immunity and modulating the maternal immune environment during pregnancy.
•Complement system molecules are expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a stage-dependent manner.•Complement components are localized cell-type specifically in the endometrium.•Complement system molecules are expressed in early-stage conceptuses and chorioallantoic tissues during pregnancy.•Interferon-γ induces the expression of several complement system molecules in endometrial tissues.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this Special Issue, we present the state of the art in the field of pig genetics and genomics, including the identification of gene candidates linked to important pig traits and to nutritional ...modifications, with the aim of collecting the most recent advances. The published manuscripts focused on high-throughput methodologies, such as RNA sequencing, ATAC-seq, MACE-seq, chip-seq, and RRBS, and covered other fields of pig genetics. The pig (Sus scrofa) is the most common large mammal in the world. The Sus genus includes domestic pig and wild boar. Since the draft reference genome sequence of S. scrofa was assembled in 2012, the processes of identification of genes related to important phenotypic traits and of search of genetic markers for pig selection have been significantly refined. In addition, the newest wide-range high-throughput techniques, including microarrays, next-generation sequencing, and the recent PacBio sequencing platform providing ultra-long sequencing reads, allow identifying gene mutations and gene candidates throughout the whole genome, transcriptome, or epigenome and estimating quantitative traits important for breeding as well as the genetic backgrounds of inherited diseases.
Background
Cardiomyocytes in postnatal hearts undergo hypertrophy to adapt to increased blood pressure and volume. The process of cardiomyocyte maturation is associated with a cessation from cell ...cycle and a series of metabolic switches. Prior research has shown metabolic switches in developing mouse hearts. However, metabolic changes in postnatal pig hearts have not been reported.
Methods
We evaluated the metabolic profile in pig hearts at postnatal day 1 (P1), day 3 (P3), day 7 (P7), and day 28 (P28) (n=6 each, both males and females; Yorkshire‐Landrace Cross background) using a targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase isoforms was evaluated by western blotting.
Results
There is a clear separation of the detected metabolites in P1 versus P28 hearts. Active anabolisms of nucleotide and proteins were observed in P1 hearts when cardiomyocytes retain high cell cycle activity. Abundance of the intermediate metabolites in the pathways of glycolysis was decreased in P28 comparing to P1 hearts, which implicates an overall reduced level of glycolysis. The decreased abundance of intermediates in TCA cycle and increased abundance of lactic acid in P28 hearts suggested that glycolysis rather than glucose oxidation is the main form of glucose metabolism in mature pig hearts. Reduced abundance of GLCN6P was observed in P28 hearts compared to P1 hearts. Increased abundance of hydroxyproline was observed in P1, P3, and P7 hearts compared to P28 heart.
Conclusion
Postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation is associated with metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acids, active posttranslational protein modification and ECM remodeling.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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