This brief is devoted to the development of a switching scheme for unary digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Switching schemes are one of the possible solutions to compensate the influence of the ...component value deviations appearing during integrated circuit production. Previously known deterministic switching schemes have some weak points, which limit the compensation with resolution growth. In order to overcome such drawbacks, this work adapts the properties revealed and employed in switching schemes, where each element is split into several parts. Based on these properties, the novel hierarchical chessboard flip (HCF) switching scheme is proposed. The simulation demonstrated that HCF reduces the integral nonlinearity (INL) better than previously known solutions while being scalable to any even bit number in DAC array. Adoption to odd resolutions is also possible. Additionally, an extension of the commonly used simulation approach is introduced. Obtaining a dependence of INL reduction on the rotation angle of the error profile may reveal a weakness of some switching scheme in spite of competitive average values.
V šolskem prostoru so primanjkljaji, motnje oz. ovire pogostokrat pojmovani kot osnovno merilo za razlikovanje učencev in kot glavni vzrok njihovega neuspeha, številni drugi dejavniki pa pri tem ...ostajajo spregledani. Hkrati je za trenutno veljavni postopek usmerjanja otrok s posebnimi potrebami v Sloveniji značilno, da je pristojnost odločanja o učenčevi največji koristi v domeni strokovnjakov, kar učencu zmanjšuje status avtonomne osebe. Da je v postopku odločanja treba slišati tudi učenčev »glas«, je v Zakonu o usmerjanju otrok s posebnimi potrebami sicer zapisano že od leta 2011. Kako se pravica učencev do participacije uresničuje v postopku prešolanja učencev s posebnimi potrebami, je temeljno vprašanje pričujočega besedila. V empirični raziskavi smo s polstrukturiranimi intervjuji ugotavljali izkustveni vidik vključenosti in participacije učencev v postopkih odkrivanja in identifikacije njihovih posebnih potreb ter prešolanja. Ugotovili smo, da so učenci zaznali neustrezno poučevalno prakso nekaterih učiteljev z vidika uresničevanja petstopenjskega modela pomoči, kar je vodilo v njihovo slabšo uspešnost v večinskih šolah. Prešolanje je za večino pomenilo stresno spremembo, pri kateri so se soočali z raznovrstnimi čustvi in pričakovanji, ki jih niso mogli deliti z odraslimi; učencem je bilo ponujeno (pre)malo podpore in informacij o predvideni spremembi. Navedeno kaže, da se pogovor z učencem glede odločitev, ki jih sprejmejo odrasli, še vedno izkazuje kot redko uresničen del postopkov. Sogovorniki so soglasno izrazili željo in interes sodelovati pri sprejemanju odločitev.
Purpose
In Israel, the decision which educational framework is most suitable for pupils with special needs is made by a placement committee. In January 2005, the eighth amendment of the Israeli ...Special Education Law determined that all pupils have the legal right to participate in their placement committee’s deliberations. This paper aims to examine the implementation of this liberal reform that let young people’s voices be heard. Specifically, the focus is on the attitudes of involved professionals (committee chairs, educational supervisors, teachers, etc.) regarding the law, and whether and in what ways their views influence the extent to which this law is implemented.
Design/methodology/approach
The research used an eight-step linear scale to investigate both the desired and actual levels of children’s participation in the committee’s discussions, as evaluated by professionals. In addition, the pupils’ satisfaction with the discussion process was evaluated, based on the professionals’ perceptions. Furthermore, the research analyzed which socioeconomic, cultural and occupational variables correlated with the degree of students’ participation in and satisfaction with the process.
Findings
The major finding was that many of the adults responsible for the implementation of the reform do not believe in its principles and are even opposed to child participation. In their discussions, child participation was poor.
Originality/value
The conclusion drawn from the study is that legislation alone is not enough when implementing a controversial reform. Spreading of this new social norm must be accompanied by efforts to promote the concept of child participation among the professionals who implement it.
Although English‐as‐a‐second‐language (ESL) programs for matriculated students have been a presence in U.S. higher education since the 1940s, little has been documented in the literature concerning ...ESL courses, ESL placement tests, and the procedures in which incoming students are placed into appropriate classes. The present study takes three approaches to explore the characteristics of ESL programs for matriculated students, with the purposes of drawing a clearer picture of such programs and preparing for a further exploration of validity issues that arise when using standardized English proficiency tests, such as the TOEFL® test, to assist with ESL placement decisions. We reviewed the websites of 152 postsecondary institutions, obtained information from 80 institutions through an online survey, and interviewed representatives of 24 ESL programs for matriculated students. Analyses of these three sources of data revealed that ESL programs for matriculated students exist in more than half of colleges and universities sampled, that they provide a wide range of ESL courses focusing on different language skills, and that these programs make use of a variety of placement tests and procedures. We summarize these different placement procedures using a general model, highlight issues that need further investigations, and conclude with key findings and limitations.
Report Number: ETS RR–14–11
Members of a private Liberal Arts College in Japan have administered a placement test for new, returning, and transfer students at the beginning of each academic year for more than ten years. The ...placement test until the onset of COVID-19 in 2020 had been a 57-item test composed exclusively of material from Cengage Learning for use with the World Link textbook series, the series of choice for all first-year students. Since 2020 and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the placement test has changed from an in-house sit-down event to an online, On-Demand format. Audio questions were removed, and questions with meaningless Facility Index rankings were removed to be replaced with original items. The once 57 item test became a 40 item, smartphone-friendly test. The same 40 item test from 2020 was administered again in 2021 to a cohort of 504. Four hundred eighty-one took the test, leaving 23 non-participants to be placed manually. A mean score of 51.24% was observed with a more or less normal bell curve. Students spread across eight departments need placement in level-appropriate, uniformly sized classes. Recent years have shown that score clustering occurred where classes needed dividing. Clusters refer to identical scores that group students into subgroups making line-drawing a subjective, time-consuming task. The trouble score clustering had to be addressed given the time constraints for announcing class memberships and being ready to answer allegations of unfair or capricious approach to class membership creation. In answer to this, the test items were re-weighed from a uniform weight of 1.00 to weights within a set range (1.00 - easy to 1.09 - difficult) to ensure greater score diversity and hence ease with student ranking. The 2020 40 Item test's Facility Index was used as a guide for setting the weights for the 2021 test. This paper will share the process undertaken to avert score clustering and enable class creation in an informed, principled manner, all within a matter of hours from data download with benefit to all concerned.
The anterior mandible is primarily characterized as having an osseous density of D1–D2. The anterior mandible differs from the posterior mandible and even more so from the anterior and the posterior ...maxillae. This chapter describes various procedures from flapless to extensive 3‐dimensional approaches, as well as how to tackle and rehabilitate previous failures. The flapless approach had a stable non‐resorptive pattern during implant placement procedures compared to a mean of 0.5 mm crestal bone loss when a mucoperiosteal flap was formed. The efficacy of combining implant placement and lateral guided bone regeneration (GBR), was proven to be comparable to the 2‐stage procedure. One systematic review provided evidence that dehiscence and fenestrations can be treated successfully with GBR at the time of implant placement. Three‐dimensional volumetric changes in a severely resorbed alveolus after ridge augmentation with xenograft particles and a collagen membrane were evaluated in a CBCT imaging study.
This paper examines current labour policies directed at unskilled women migrant workers in Singapore. Since the early 1980s, the rationale underlying Singapore's labour policies towards temporary ...migrant workers has been that of maximizing economic benefits while simultaneously minimizing social and economic costs. But adopting this position has been increasingly difficult because of the persistent abuses these migrants experience. Closer scrutiny of the immigration policies and practices for unskilled women migrants over the last two decades reveals a gradual shift by the Singapore State towards greater seriousness in addressing temporary women migrant worker issues. This paper argues, however, that the resulting policies tend to reinforce placement procedures more than they help to ensure the actual protection and empowerment of these migrant workers. Moreover, any shift in labour policies and practices towards unskilled migrant workers tends mainly to benefit first the State, then the employer and, only last, the worker.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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