Numerous studies investigated how people's willingness to engage in pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) is shaped by their financial circumstances. Yet, no clear pattern can be found in the ...literature: research demonstrates that people with higher incomes have higher carbon footprints, while other findings show that people with more perceived financial resources indicate more engagement in PEBs. We propose to differentiate between objective income and the subjective feeling of financial scarcity, because less income does not necessarily go together with feelings of financial scarcity and vice versa. We investigated if both income and subjective financial scarcity – though being negatively related in the first place – have a negative influence on the willingness to engage in PEBs.
The data of a pilot study (n = 199) provides first evidence that willingness for PEB was indeed lower for people with higher incomes and simultaneously also for those reporting more subjective financial scarcity. Moreover, the analyses of our studies revealed that the negative relation between income and willingness for PEB was mediated by (higher) perceived future availability of natural resources (Study 1 n1 = 314 & Study 2 n2 = 393). Further findings showed that subjective financial scarcity was going along with less PEB due to an increased perceived effort/cost associated with PEB. Finally, Study 3 (n3 = 950) revealed that both income and subjective financial scarcity were also related to a reduced acceptance of shifting activities that consume electric energy. We conclude that researchers need to consider both individuals’ objective and subjective financial situation for determining and coping with the specific barriers that prevent people from engaging in PEB.
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•High Income & subjective financial scarcity go along with less willingness for PEB.•Income is negatively related to PEB due to a perceived abundance of natural resources.•Subjective financial scarcity goes along with less PEB due to perceived PEB-effort.•High income is related to less acceptance of shifting energy consuming activities.•Subjective financial scarcity goes along with less acceptance of shifting activities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Daily agenda formation is influenced by formal commitments, satisfaction of needs surpassing some threshold and the desire to conduct particular activities in anticipation of socially and religiously ...driven events such as birthdays, Christmas, etc. As part of a research program to develop a dynamic activity-based model of transport demand, this paper proposes a model to represent dynamic agenda formation, including these different underlying processes. Bayesian estimation of the model is based on data collected through a Web-based survey for a sample of approximately 300 respondents. The survey uses an extension of a 1-day activity diary where respondents are asked to recall activities in retrospect and to identify planned activities in prospect. Estimation results suggest that planned activities influence agenda formation in general, but that their significance and size depends on activity type, socio-demographics and dwelling characteristics.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Modeling multi-day planning has received scarce attention in activity-based transport demand modeling so far. However, new dynamic activity-based approaches are being developed at the current moment. ...The frequency and inflexibility of planned activities and events in activity schedules of individuals indicate the importance of incorporating those pre-planned activities in the new generation of dynamic travel demand models. Elaborating and combining previous work on event-driven activity generation, the aim of this paper is to develop and illustrate an extension of a need-based model of activity generation that takes into account possible influences of pre-planned activities and events. This paper describes the theory and shows the results of simulations of the extension. The simulation was conducted for six different activities, and the parameter values used were consistent with an earlier estimation study. The results show that the model works well and that the influences of the parameters are consistent, logical, and have clear interpretations. These findings offer further evidence of face and construct validity to the suggested modeling approach.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
For Louie Psihoyos, a naturalist and photographer by profession, in addition to his career as a director and expert in documentation on underwater species, his excellent direction stands out in the ...documentary Racing Extinction, from which he scores a true hit as a director and researcher in the that corresponds to the life of species in the process of extinction, as well as the overexploitation and mass murder of numerous species in order to cover a demand in black markets; even in attractive and renowned international cuisine restaurants. While in the capital of Paris one more of the annual meetings in the world about global warming was held; Louie Psihoyos, on December 2, 2015, presented on five continents his excellent documentary with a high activist, naturalist and conservationist content, including a meticulous, crude, significant investigative record, with a highly revealing content that presents to the world one of the most perverse environmental problems today: the loss of biodiversity.
Para Louie Psihoyos, naturalista y fotógrafo de profesión, además de su carrera como director y experto en la documentación sobre las especies submarinas, se destaca su excelente dirección en el documental Racing Extinction desde el cual se anota un verdadero hit como director e investigador en lo que corresponde a la vida de especies en proceso de extinción, así como sobre la sobreexplotación y asesinato masivo de numerosas especies con fines de cubrir una demanda en mercados negros; incluso en atractivos y reconocidos restaurantes de cocina internacional. Mientras en la capital de París se celebraba uno más de los encuentros anuales en el mundo acerca del calentamiento global; Louie Psihoyos, el 02 de diciembre de 2015, presentaba en los cinco continentes su excelente documental con un alto contenido activista, naturalista y conservacionista, incluyendo un minucioso registro investigativo, crudo, significativo, con un alto contenido revelador que presenta al mundo una de las más perversas problemáticas ambientales en la actualidad: la pérdida de la biodiversidad.For Louie Psihoyos, a naturalist and photographer by profession, in addition to his career as a director and expert in documentation on underwater species, his excellent direction stands out in the documentary Racing Extinction, from which he scores a true hit as a director and researcher in the that corresponds to the life of species in the process of extinction, as well as the overexploitation and mass murder of numerous species in order to cover a demand in black markets; even in attractive and renowned international cuisine restaurants. While in the capital of Paris one more of the annual meetings in the world about global warming was held; Louie Psihoyos, on December 2, 2015, presented on five continents his excellent documentary with a high activist, naturalist and conservationist content, including a meticulous, crude, significant investigative record, with a highly revealing content that presents to the world one of the most perverse environmental problems today: the loss of biodiversity.
With particular reference to recent developments (including communication-technological), Part One considered the nature of language change - its kinds, mechanisms and effects - and of some attitudes ...towards it; and introduced a case for teaching and learning about it. Part Two recapitulates and develops that case (focusing particularly on lexis and grammar, and students aged 11-16 years); and suggests approaches of two broad kinds and contexts: (1) as opportunities arise whilst undertaking other work; and (2) within planned, 'set-piece' activities. As in Part One, extensive notes and references are offered.
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6.
Master Budget
The Complete CFO Handbook,
01/2012
Book Chapter
This chapter describes the master budget as a summary of the planned activities of all of the units of the company, including production, sales, distribution, and finance. Along with the company's ...strategic and long‐term plan, the master budget is a helpful device for planning and measuring progress toward the company's objectives. In a conventional master budget, the emphasis is on the cost of specific inputs as management budgets the cost of operating individual responsibility centers. Items to be included for the first time in the master budget require supporting documentation and upper‐level management approval. One will agree that the master budget is one of the most effective means of planning and control. The chief financial officer (CFO) has an advanced warning system in place with appropriate monitoring of budgets and results. It allows the CFO to take the essential steps to correct the anticipated problems.
This study was designed to throw light on the operation of 'planned activity time' (PAT) for teachers in Scottish schools. Five schools were selected for the investigation, two secondary and three ...primary, all in central Scotland, and 40 teachers were interviewed. Despite its origins in contractual compulsion, PAT has been surprisingly successful. In primary schools, whole-school activities associated with PAT, comprising 30 out of the required 50 hours, appear to be widely appreciated. The same is true of the 20 hours allocated to the development of courses in subject departments in secondary schools. In both cases the help that these activities gave teachers in implementing national initiatives in curriculum development was seen as of central importance. On the other hand, personal professional development, 20 hours of PAT, was broadly criticized by over 90 per cent interviewed and the 10 hours devoted to whole-school development in secondary schools were not valued by staff. In addition amongst secondary teachers there was a dislike of PAT because it was imposed on them. It was clear, however, that staff criticism could largely be dispelled if PAT was better managed. Thus personal professional development would be far more acceptable if staff views were taken into account in establishing a structure for staff development at school and local authority level, and if the scheme were properly evaluated. The unexpected conclusion of this investigation is that a modified form of PAT could well be acceptable to Scottish teachers, and to teachers in other countries, provided the compulsory element of PAT were clearly linked to an imperative recognized as important by teachers, for example the implementation of curriculum development at national level. Personal professional development would be more likely to be successful if detached from PAT and integrated into a well-resourced appraisal system that is sensitive to teachers' institutional and individual needs. Under certain conditions, therefore, the closer regulation of the non-teaching time of staff may be a viable option for governments and other employers of teachers in the future.
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