Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on plant growth and development, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms of SiNPs-mediated ...plant growth strengthening are still unclear, especially under field condition. In this study, we evaluated the effect of SiNPs on the growth and sugar and hormone metabolisms of wheat in the field.
SiNPs increased tillers and elongated internodes by 66.7% and 27.4%, respectively, resulting in a larger biomass. SiNPs can increase the net photosynthetic rate by increasing total chlorophyll contents. We speculated that SiNPs can regulate the growth of leaves and stems, partly by regulating the metabolisms of plant hormones and soluble sugar. Specifically, SiNPs can increase auxin (IAA) and fructose contents, which can promote wheat growth directly or indirectly. Furthermore, SiNPs increased the expression levels of key pathway genes related to soluble sugars (SPS, SUS, and α-glucosidase), chlorophyll (CHLH, CAO, and POR), IAA (TIR1), and abscisic acid (ABA) (PYR/PYL, PP2C, SnRK2, and ABF), whereas the expression levels of genes related to CTKs (IPT) was decreased after SiNPs treatment.
This study shows that SiNPs can promote wheat growth and provides a theoretical foundation for the application of SiNPs in field conditions.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The advent of the nanotechnology era offers a unique opportunity for sustainable agriculture, and the contribution of nanoparticles (NPs) to ameliorate abiotic stresses became the new area of ...interest for researchers due to their special physiochemical characteristics in the biological system. Salinity is a key devastating abiotic factor that hinders the development and yield of rapeseed. On the flip side, the impact of nanoparticles on plant hormones upon salt stress during seed imbibition and germination has been poorly understood. Hence, we aimed to study the influence of nanopriming on plant hormones and germination processes using selenium and zinc oxide nanoparticles (SeNPs and ZnONPs) during seed imbibition and the early seedling stage upon salinity stress. Nanopriming showed a positive effect on final germination percentage, germination rate, seed microstructure, and antioxidant enzyme activity of two rapeseed cultivars under salt stress. Moreover, nano-treatment decreased the expression of abscisic acid related genes BnCYP707A1, 3, and 4 during the priming time and after sowing, where the levels of BnCYP707A1, and 3 genes showed a slightly significant difference between the nanopriming and hydropriming, which gave an evidence that the nanopriming influenced the ABA levels then elevated the seed germination with SeNPs and ZnONPs. Likewise, nanoparticles significantly elevated the expression levels of BnGA20ox, BnGA3ox and BnCPS genes during the germination stage, especially at 24 h after being sown in salt stress. That confirms the positive role of SeNPs and ZnONPs in regulating gibberellic acid level, which increases the germination in primed seeds as compared to unprimed seeds and hydroprimed seeds. Additionally, our results demonstrated that nanopriming regulated the expression level of BnCAM and BnPER during priming time and after sowing, along with the various levels of expression remarkably in BnEXP4 and BnRAB28, especially at 24 h of being sown under salt stress, which promoted seed germination and early seedling growth. Overall, this work provides new insights into mechanisms underlying the interactions of SeNPs and ZnONPs with plant hormones during the seed imbibition and early seedling stage, consequently enhanced plant growth and development. Additionally, these findings portrayed that the application of SeNPs and ZnONPs could be a new strategy and useful approach to enhance tolerance against salinity in rapeseed plants.
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•Nano-Se and -ZnO modulated the expression of ABA and GA genes during the germination stage.•NPs enhanced the germination attributes and seed microstructure and reduced the oxidative damage under salt stress.•Nanomaterials increased salinity tolerance during the early seedling stage in B. napus.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chilo suppressalis is a notorious pest that attacks rice, feeding throughout the entire growth period of rice and posing a serious threat to rice production worldwide. Due to the boring behavior and ...overlapping generations of C. suppressalis, the pest is difficult to control. Moreover, no rice variety with high resistance to the striped stem borer (SSB) has been found in the available rice germplasm, which also poses a challenge to controlling the SSB. At present, chemical control is widely used in agricultural production to manage the problem, but its effect is limited and it also pollutes the environment. Therefore, developing genetic resistance is the only way to avoid the use of chemical insecticides. This article primarily focuses on the research status of the induced defense of rice against the SSB from the perspective of immunity, in which plant hormones (such as jasmonic acid and ethylene) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play an important role in the immune response of rice to the SSB. The article also reviews progress in using transgenic technology to study the relationship between rice and the SSB as well as exploring the resistance genes. Lastly, the article discusses prospects for future research on rice’s resistance to the SSB.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) genes encode signaling peptides that play important roles in various developmental and physiological processes. However, the systematic identification and ...characterization of CLE genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) remain limited. In this study, we identified and characterized 41 SiCLE genes in the foxtail millet genome. These genes were distributed across nine chromosomes and classified into four groups, with five pairs resulting from gene duplication events. SiCLE genes within the same phylogenetic group shared similar gene structure and motif patterns, while 34 genes were found to be single-exon genes. All SiCLE peptides harbored the conserved C-terminal CLE domain, with highly conserved positions in the CLE core sequences shared among foxtail millet, Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. The SiCLE genes contained various cis-elements, including five plant hormone-responsive elements. Notably, 34 SiCLE genes possessed more than three types of phytohormone-responsive elements on their promoters. Comparative analysis revealed higher collinearity between CLE genes in maize and foxtail millet, which may be because they are both Csub.4 plants. Tissue-specific expression patterns were observed, with genes within the same group exhibiting similar and specific expression profiles. SiCLE32 and SiCLE41, classified in Group D, displayed relatively high expression levels in all tissues except panicles. Most SiCLE genes exhibited low expression levels in young panicles, while SiCLE6, SiCLE24, SiCLE25, and SiCLE34 showed higher expression in young panicles, with SiCLE24 down-regulated during later panicle development. Greater numbers of SiCLE genes exhibited higher expression in roots, with SiCLE7, SiCLE22, and SiCLE36 showing the highest levels and SiCLE36 significantly down-regulated after abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Following treatments with ABA, 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), most SiCLE genes displayed down-regulation followed by subsequent recovery, while jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatments led to upregulation at 30 min in leaves. Moreover, identical hormone treatments elicited different expression patterns of the same genes in leaves and stems. This comprehensive study enhances our understanding of the SiCLE gene family and provides a foundation for further investigations into the functions and evolution of SiCLE genes in foxtail millet.
Leaf senescence is an important developmental process involving orderly disassembly of macromolecules for relocating nutrients from leaves to other organs and is critical for plants' fitness. Leaf ...senescence is the response of an intricate integration of various environmental signals and leaf age information and involves a complex and highly regulated process with the coordinated actions of multiple pathways. Impressive progress has been made in understanding how senescence signals are perceived and processed, how the orderly degeneration process is regulated, how the senescence program interacts with environmental signals, and how senescence regulatory genes contribute to plant productivity and fitness. Employment of systems approaches using omics-based technologies and characterization of key regulators have been fruitful in providing newly emerging regulatory mechanisms. This review mainly discusses recent advances in systems understanding of leaf senescence from a molecular network dynamics perspective. Genetic strategies for improving the productivity and quality of crops are also described.
Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait that does not allow the germination of an intact viable seed under favorable environmental conditions. Non-dormant seeds or seeds with low level of dormancy can ...germinate readily under optimal environmental conditions, and such a trait leads to preharvest sprouting, germination of seeds on the mother plant prior to harvest, which significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereal crops. High level of dormancy, on the other hand, may lead to non-uniform germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, intermediate dormancy is considered to be a desirable trait as it prevents the problems of sprouting and allows uniformity of postharvest germination of seeds. Induction, maintenance, and release of seed dormancy are complex physiological processes that are influenced by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors. Plant hormones, mainly abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA), are the major endogenous factors that act antagonistically in the control of seed dormancy and germination; ABA positively regulates the induction and maintenance of dormancy, while GA enhances germination. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms regulating ABA/GA balance and thereby dormancy and germination in cereal seeds, and this review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the topic.
The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic ...stresses. Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. Cytokinins are perceived by membrane-localized histidine-kinase receptors and are transduced through a His-Asp phosphorelay to activate a family of transcription factors in the nucleus. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we summarize the current understanding of cytokinin metabolism, transport and signaling, and discuss how this phytohormone regulates changes in gene expression to mediate its pleiotropic effects.
The capacity of rhizoshere bacteria to influence plant hormonal status, by bacterial production or metabolism of hormones, is considered an important mechanism by which they promote plant growth, and ...productivity. Nevertheless, inoculating these bacteria into the plant rhizosphere may produce beneficial or detrimental results depending on bacterial effects on hormone composition and quantity
in planta
, and the environmental conditions under which the plants are growing. This review considers some effects of bacterial hormone production or metabolism on root growth and development and shoot physiological processes. We analyze how these changes in root and shoot growth and function help plants adapt to their growth conditions, especially as these change from optimal to stressful. Consistent effects are addressed, along with plant responses to specific environmental stresses: drought, salinity, and soil contamination (with petroleum in particular).
Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation Fenn, Matthew A.; Giovannoni, James J.
The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology,
January 2021, 2021-01-00, 20210101, Volume:
105, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Summary
Phytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit ...development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin‐responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non‐climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
Significance Statement
Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity during fruit development provide new insights into the role of hormones in this biological and agriculturally important process and highlight important ongoing questions related to molecular mechanisms and conservation of regulatory phenomena across diverse taxa.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
It is an apparent conundrum how plants evolved effector-triggered immunity (ETI), involving programmed cell death (PCD), as a major defence mechanism against biotrophic pathogens, because ...ETI-associated PCD could leave them vulnerable to necrotrophic pathogens that thrive on dead host cells. Interestingly, during ETI, the normally antagonistic defence hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) associated with defence against biotrophs and necrotrophs respectively, both accumulate to high levels. In this study, we made the surprising finding that JA is a positive regulator of RPS2-mediated ETI. Early induction of JA-responsive genes and de novo JA synthesis following SA accumulation is activated through the SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4, instead of the JA receptor COI1. We provide evidence that NPR3 and NPR4 may mediate this effect by promoting degradation of the JA transcriptional repressor JAZs. This unique interplay between SA and JA offers a possible explanation of how plants can mount defence against a biotrophic pathogen without becoming vulnerable to necrotrophic pathogens.
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