Plant hormones are a variety of trace endogenous compounds, playing vital role in plant growth, development and quick response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise plant hormone analysis ...contributes to a better understanding of the regulating network of plant hormone signaling, however, due to the instability and ultra-trace amounts of plant hormones, it is important to select an appropriate pre-treatment method to enrich the intended analytes from the complex plant matrices. Herein, recent advanced sample preparation methods for endogenous plant hormone analysis in the past five years are reviewed and summarized according to different extraction modes. Besides, the emerging chemical labelling approaches that enable to improve the sensitivity are also introduced. In the end, the future trends of plant hormone analysis are taken into discussion. We believe the perspective may serve as guidance for the research of plant hormones in the analytical, environmental and botanical fields.
•Recent advanced sample preparation methods for endogenous plant hormone analysis are reviewed and summarized.•The emerging chemical labelling approaches that enable to improve the sensitivity are also introduced.•Future outlook of plant hormone analysis are taken into discussion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Background Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pine pitch canker disease, which affects Pinus species worldwide, causing significant economic and ecological losses. In Spain, two ...Pinus species are most affected by the pathogen; Pinus radiata is highly susceptible, while Pinus pinaster has shown moderate resistance. In F. circinatum - Pinus interactions, phytohormones are known to play a crucial role in plant defense. By comparing species with different degrees of susceptibility, we aimed to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms underlying resistance to the pathogen. For this purpose, we used an integrative approach by combining gene expression and metabolomic phytohormone analyses at 5 and 10 days post inoculation. Results Gene expression and metabolite phytohormone contents suggested that the moderate resistance of P. pinaster to F. circinatum is determined by the induction of phytohormone signaling and hormone rearrangement beginning at 5 dpi, when symptoms are still not visible. Jasmonic acid was the hormone that showed the greatest increase by 5 dpi, together with the active gibberellic acid 4 and the cytokinin dehydrozeatin; there was also an increase in abscisic acid and salicylic acid by 10 dpi. In contrast, P. radiata hormonal changes were delayed until 10 dpi, when symptoms were already visible; however, this increase was not as high as that in P. pinaster . Indeed, in P. radiata , no differences in jasmonic acid or salicylic acid production were found. Gene expression analysis supported the hormonal data, since the activation of genes related to phytohormone synthesis was observed earlier in P. pinaster than in the susceptible P. radiata . Conclusions We determine that the moderate resistance of P. pinaster to F. circinatum is in part a result of early and strong activation of plant phytohormone-based defense responses before symptoms become visible. We suggest that jasmonic acid signaling and production are strongly associated with F. circinatum resistance. In contrast, P. radiata susceptibility was attributed to a delayed response to the fungus at the moment when symptoms were visible. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the phytohormone-based defense mechanism involved in the Pinus - F. circinatum interactions and provide insight into the development of new strategies for disease mitigation.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Programmable release of a plant hormone, 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), could be achieved by using a novel zeolite-hydrofilm (ZHF) composite. The ZHF was prepared using poly(vinyl alcohol) and ...glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent with the addition of different amounts of zeolite A (0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 wt%). This reveals that ZHF was formed as a phase-separated microcomposite with chemical interactions between zeolite A and polymer matrix. We found that the composite film with 2.5 wt% zeolite A had the largest pore size, which exhibited the highest water absorbency and the longest water retention time of over 7 h with high thermal and mechanical stabilities. Release profile displayed rapid desorption of NAA from the film at the initial stage, followed by sustained release thereafter. This behavior was explained by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a predominant mechanism of simple Fickian diffusion. Additionally, ZHF with NAA could effectively enhance adventitious root formation of Ocimum basilicum Linn, (sweet basil) cuttings due to accurate releasing NAA and time duration for releasing plant hormone. Finally, the NAA released at the film surface could be in a controlled manner with less negative impact on plant and environment.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Mammalian peptide hormones propagate extracellular stimuli from sensing tissues to appropriate targets to achieve optimal growth maintenance
. In land plants, root-to-shoot signalling is important to ...prevent water loss by transpiration and to adapt to water-deficient conditions
. The phytohormone abscisic acid has a role in the regulation of stomatal movement to prevent water loss
. However, no mobile signalling molecules have yet been identified that can trigger abscisic acid accumulation in leaves. Here we show that the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 25 (CLE25) peptide transmits water-deficiency signals through vascular tissues in Arabidopsis, and affects abscisic acid biosynthesis and stomatal control of transpiration in association with BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM) receptors in leaves. The CLE25 gene is expressed in vascular tissues and enhanced in roots in response to dehydration stress. The root-derived CLE25 peptide moves from the roots to the leaves, where it induces stomatal closure by modulating abscisic acid accumulation and thereby enhances resistance to dehydration stress. BAM receptors are required for the CLE25 peptide-induced dehydration stress response in leaves, and the CLE25-BAM module therefore probably functions as one of the signalling molecules for long-distance signalling in the dehydration response.
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KISLJ, NUK, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Biological nitrogen fixation is a key process for nitrogen geochemical cycling and plant‒microbe interactions. At present, little is known about the possible effects of nonnodulating microbes on ...rhizobia nodulation in soils. Here, we show that Enterobacter sp. Z1 and Klebsiella sp. Z2 significantly improved soybean growth and nitrogen fixation in the presence of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110. Soil metabolomic analysis showed that the application of mixed strains Z1 and Z2 significantly increased the levels of flavonoids, indoleacetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and taurine in rhizosphere soil. The addition of IAA, SA, or taurine increased nitrogenase activity, nodule production, and chlorophyll content in soybean. Flavonoids were the determinant of the interaction between soybeans and rhizobia. Moreover, strains Z1 and Z2 produced an abundance of IAA and SA, thus increasing the expression of flavonoid synthesis-related genes and eventually increasing the accumulation of flavonoids. Both strains Z1 and Z2 exhibited two metabolic pathways of taurine, and they catalyzed taurine to produce acetyl-CoA, a key flavonoid synthesis substrate in soybeans. This study revealed the mechanism by which rhizosphere microorganisms mediated soybean-rhizobium interactions, thus promoting soybean nitrogen fixation.
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•Enterobacter and Klebsiella promote soybean nodules production with rhizobia.•Mixed strains increase flavonoids, phytohormone, and taurine contents in soils.•Flavonoids induce the construction of cooperation between soybeans and rhizobia.•Mixed strains secrete phytohormone to activate flavonoids synthesis gene expression.•Strains catalyze taurine to produce acetyl-CoA as a source of flavonoids synthesis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Regeneration serves as a self-protective mechanism that allows a tissue or organ to recover its entire form and function after suffering damage. However, the regenerative capacity varies greatly ...within the plant kingdom. Primitive plants frequently display an amazing regenerative ability as they have developed a complex system and strategy for long-term survival under extreme stress conditions. The regenerative ability of dicot species is highly variable, but that of monocots often exhibits extreme recalcitrance to tissue replenishment. Recent studies have revealed key factors and signals that affect cell fate during plant regeneration, some of which are conserved among the plant lineage. Among these, several members of the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factors have been implicated in wound signaling, playing crucial roles in the regenerative mechanisms after different types of wounding. An understanding of plant regeneration may ultimately lead to an increased regenerative potential of recalcitrant species, producing more high-yielding, multi-resistant and environmentally friendly crops and ensuring the long-term development of global agriculture.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage caused by ...oxidative stress, plants accumulate certain compatible solutes known as osmolytes to safeguard the cellular machinery. The most common osmolytes that play crucial role in osmoregulation are proline, glycine-betaine, polyamines, and sugars. These compounds stabilize the osmotic differences between surroundings of cell and the cytosol. Besides, they also protect the plant cells from oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of harmful ROS like hydroxyl ions, superoxide ions, hydrogen peroxide, and other free radicals. The accumulation of osmolytes is further modulated by phytohormones like abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid. It is thus important to understand the mechanisms regulating the phytohormone-mediated accumulation of osmolytes in plants during abiotic stresses. In this review, we have discussed the underlying mechanisms of phytohormone-regulated osmolyte accumulation along with their various functions in plants under stress conditions.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The apple rootstock Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. is widely used for apple production. Because polyploid plants are often more tolerant to abiotic stress than diploids, we wondered whether ...polyploidy induction in M. prunifolia might improve its stress tolerance, particularly to high salinity. We used a combination of colchicine and DMSO to induce chromosome doubling in M. prunifolia and identified the resulting polyploids by stomatal observations and flow cytometry. We found the best way to induce polyploidy in M. prunifolia was to use 2% DMSO and 0.05% colchicine for 2 days for leaves or 0.02% colchicine for stem segments. The results of hydroponic salt treatment showed that polyploid plants were more salt tolerant and had greater photosynthetic efficiency, thicker leaf epidermis and palisade tissues, and shorter but denser root systems than diploids. During salt stress, the polyploid leaves and roots accumulated less Na+, showed upregulated expression of three SOS pathway genes, and produced fewer ROS. The polyploid plants also had considerably higher ABA and JA levels than diploid plants under salt stress. Under normal growth conditions, GAs levels were much lower in polyploid leaves than in diploid leaves; however, after salt treatment, polyploid leaves showed upregulation of essential GAs synthesis genes. In summary, we developed a system for the induction of polyploidy in M. prunifolia and response to salt stress of the resulting polyploids, as reflected in leaf and root morphology, changes in Na+ accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and plant hormone levels.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is the sixth most important food crop in the world. The formation and development of storage roots in sweet potato is a highly complicated and genetically programmed ...process. However, the underlying mechanisms of storage root development have not yet been elucidated.
To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in storage root development, a combined analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of sweet potato fibrous roots (F) and storage roots at four different stages (D1, D3, D5 and D10) was performed in the present study. A total of 26,273 differentially expressed genes were identified in a comparison between the fibrous root library and four storage root libraries, while 2558 proteins showed a 1.0-fold or greater expression difference as indicated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis. The combination of the transcriptome and proteome analyses and morphological and physiological data revealed several critical pathways involved in storage root formation and development. First, genes/proteins involved in the development of meristems/cambia and starch biosynthesis were all significantly upregulated in storage roots compared with fibrous roots. Second, multiple phytohormones and the genes related to their biosynthesis showed differential expression between fibrous roots and storage roots. Third, a large number of transcription factors were differentially expressed during storage root initiation and development, which suggests the importance of transcription factor regulation in the development of storage roots. Fourth, inconsistent gene expression was found between the transcriptome and proteome data, which indicated posttranscriptional regulatory activity during the development of storage roots.
Overall, these results reveal multiple events associated with storage root development and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory networks involved in storage root development.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Herbaceous peony is an important cut-flower plant cultivated worldwide, but its short vase life substantially restricts its economic value. It is well established that endogenous hormones regulate ...the senescence process, but their molecular mechanism in flower senescence remains unclear. Here, we isolated a MYB transcription factor gene,
, from herbaceous peony flowers, based on transcriptome data. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that
is strongly up-regulated in senescing petals, and its expression was induced by abscisic acid or ethylene and reduced by gibberellin in petals. Treatment with abscisic acid or ethylene accelerated herbaceous peony petal senescence, and gibberellin delayed the process.
silencing delayed peony flower senescence and dramatically increased gibberellin, but reduced ethylene and abscisic acid levels in petals.
ectopic overexpression in tobacco accelerated flower senescence and reduced gibberellin, but increased ethylene and abscisic acid accumulation. Correspondingly, five endogenous hormone biosynthetic genes showed variable expression levels in petals after
silencing or overexpression. A dual-luciferase assay and yeast one-hybrid analysis showed that PlMYB308 specifically binds the
promoter. Moreover, treatment with ethylene and 1-MCP can accelerate
silencing-reduced senescence and delay
- overexpression-induced senescence. We also found that
silencing delayed senescence in herbaceous peony petals. Taken together, our results suggest that the PlMYB308-
regulatory checkpoints positively mediate the production of ethylene, and thus contribute to senescence in herbaceous peony flowers.
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