Built into the church of St Leonard at Spodnje Gameljne (Picture 1), c. 9 kilometres north of Ljubljana (the Roman Emona), was a Roman tombstone made of Glinščica (Rosandra) limestone. Its ...inscription refers to the family of the Caesernii and to the festival Carnaria, which is mentioned in no other literary work or inscription of the Roman Empire. Due to the unique significance of the inscription, the tombstone, dilapidated by exposure, was removed in 1997 and transported to the National Museum of Slovenia. In translation, the text runs: ‘To the divine Spirits of the Deceased. To Lucius Caesernius Primitivus, one of the board of five and the head of the decuria of the college of artisans (collegium fabrum), and to his wife Ollia Primilla. By their wills they left 200_ denarii to the four decuriae of the collegium fabrum in order that they would bring roses (to their grave) on the day of the festival of Carna. Lucius Caesernius Primitivus (had the tombstone erected) to his parents.’ (Picture 2)The Caesernii family, whose forebears had moved to Emona from northern Italy, especially from Aquileia, belonged among the most distinguished and economically important local families. Judging by the tombstone of the Aquileian public functionary Titus Caesernius Diphilus, who had moved to Emona with his freedman Dignus in the middle of the 1st century BC or slightly later, the family’s first representatives came to Emona even before the latter was established as a colony (an event probably dating to the earliest Augustan era). Since Diphilus had his tombstone erected in his lifetime, he appearsto have chosen the town as his permanent residence. Emona became a secondary centre of the Caesernii, from which they went on to settle in various towns of Noricum and Pannonia. As part of their wealth may have rested on ironworks, it is hardly surprising that Lucius Caesernius Primitivus had a leading role in the craftsmen’s association (collegium fabrum) comprising blacksmiths, workers in copper and bronze, builders, and masons, whose activities included firemen’s duties in the larger towns.Caesernius Primitivus and Ollia Primilla, who presumably owned an estate in the territory of today’s village of Spodnje Gameljne, bequeathed to the collegium 200 denarii (equalling 800 sestertii) on condition that (part of) the annual interest should be used to buy roses and decorate their grave. Inscriptions referring to similar bequests are mainly known from northern Italy but largely unknown in the western provinces: Noricum and Pannonia have yielded no finds, nor are expected to do so (yet another proof that Emona belonged under the Regio X, Tenth Italic Region). The testament writers usually desired to have their memory honoured on the Parentalia (a festival of the dead) and/or the Rosalia and Violaria (festivals when graves were decorated with roses and violets respectively), or on their birthdays or death anniversaries. On occasion other festivals could be selected if they were important to their families or collegia. A Greek inscription from Cepigovo (Macedonia), for example, stipulates that the festival of Vettius Bolanus should be commemorated with a yearly banquet on 19 October: this date may have been his birthday or an important family festival. The same may be assumed about the Carnaria of the Caesarnii inscription, as the Roman custom was to cite the date by referring to the accompanying festival.
The text-critical edition Turjaška knjiga listin II Turjak Book of Charters II, containing 436 published documents from the 15th century, completes the medieval corpus of charters from the private ...archives of the Carniolan comital and ducal lines of the Auerspergs. Published in their entirety, the charters are equipped with Slovenian regests and followed in the end by a comprehensive index of names and pictures of seals from the charters.The Auerspergs Turjaški are among the rare noble families in the Slovenian territory with systematically preserved archives that date back to the Middle Ages. Most archival materials of the family, which was largely embedded in the framework of the Province of Carniola until the end of the 15th century, are presently kept in two private family archives: the Turjak Comital Fideicomiss Archives (Gräflich Auersperg'sches Fideikommisarchiv), first kept in the Turjak Castle until 1942 and now in the Carinthian Provincial Archives in Klagenfurt, and the Turjak Ducal Archives (Fürstlich Auersperg'sches Archiv), which were first moved to the Turjak Palace in Ljubljana and the Lower Austrian Lösensteinleiten Castle and finally ended up in the Viennese Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv.
The Auerspergs Turjaški are among the rare noble families in the Slovenian territory with systematically preserved archives that date back to the Middle Ages. Most archival materials of the family, ...which was largely embedded in the framework of the Province of Carniola until the end of the 15th century, are presently kept in two private family archives: the Turjak Comital Fideicomiss Archives (Gräflich Auersperg'sches Fideikommisarchiv), first kept in the Turjak Castle until 1942 and now in the Carinthian Provincial Archives in Klagenfurt, and the Turjak Ducal Archives (Fürstlich Auersperg'sches Archiv), which were first moved to the Turjak Palace in Ljubljana and the Lower Austrian Lösensteinleiten Castle and finally ended up in the Viennese Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv.Turjaška knjiga listin 1 (1218–1400) Turjak Book of Charters I (1218–1400) contains 277 charters from the private archives of the Carniolan comital and ducal lines of the Auerspergs Turjaški. Published in their entirety, the charters are equipped with Slovenian regests and followed in the end by a comprehensive index of names and pictures of seals from the charters. With the publication of the Turjak charters, Slovenian historiography has gained an indispensable aid for the research of Slovenian medieval and modern history.
Na fotografiji je ključavnica knjižne omare Grisonijeve knjižnice. Ozaljšana okovja ključavnice prikazujejo kerikej (lat. caduceus) ali Hermesovo palico, prepleteno z dvema kačama. V pozni antiki je ...kerikej predstavljal planet Merkur, simbol trgovine in umetnosti. Nad kerikejem se preplet nadaljuje v rog izobilja (cornucopia). Združena simbola pomenita bogastvo duha in dobrin.
Nagrobnik na levi je v spomin skladatelja Gregorja Riharja, rojenega v Polhovem Gradcu 1. 3. 1796 in umrlega v Ljubljani 24. 7. 1863. Izdelan je iz nabrežinskega kamna ter zasnovan v t. i. ...bizantinskem oziroma neoromanskem slogu. Izdelavo spomenika so zaupali kamnoseku Ignaciju Tomanu mlajšemu. Na glavnem delu stele izstopa romanski ločni friz, nad njim je bogat stiliziran rastlinski okras z listi vinske trte in ostanki keliha. Celoto zaključi velik križ. Riharjev poklic in pomen simbolizira tihožitje na spodnjem delu nagrobnika z liro, simbolom glasbenikov, z dolgim trakom in oljčno vejo kot znamenjem miru.Na traku je notno črtovje, na njem pa ostanki notnega zapisa odlomka Riharjeve pesmi “non, non, non morietur in aeternum (vekomaj ne bo umrl). Nagrobni napis in verze je sestavil Luka Jeran. Spomenik so slovesno odkrili novembra 1864. Duhovnik Gregor Rihar je bil organist in vodja ljubljanskega stolnega kora, skladatelj številnih cerkvenih pesmi in prvih maš na slovenska besedila. Rihar je odločilno vplival na razvoj slovenskega cerkvenega petja. Na stolnem koru ga je nasledil nečak Gregor, ki pa je zelo mlad umrl za jetiko. Na nagrobniku piše: Gregorij Rihar, mašnik, sakristan in organist v ljubljanski stolni cerkvi, pervi slovenski pevoskladnik. Kot mašnik je bil posvečen 29. 7. 1829. Verzi: Vikšal z glasi Božjo čast si, pel Marijo, Si preslavil sebe, narod svoj. Pevoskladi Tvoji v daljni svet slovijo, Nevgasljiv spomin ostane tvoj. Postavili spoštovavci. Na podstavku je napisano ime Ign. Thoman ter pripis: Blizo njega počiva njegov stričnik Gregorček Rihar, stolni organist, rojen 1845 pri sv. Petru v Ljubljani, umerl 20. junija 1868. Desno od Riharjevega spomenika stoji nagrobnik barona Ludovica Ahila MacNevena (1795 – 1873), ki je bil potomec irske plemiške rodbine, rodil pa se je v Pragi. Ta spomenik je bil izdelan okrog leta 1873. MacNeven je bil uradnik v avstrijski državni upravi in se je 1853 poročil z Viktorijo Eleonoro baronico Codelli, hčerjo ljubljanskega župana. MacNeven je umrl v Ljubljani. Njegov spomenik je v obliki plitve neoromanske edikule, znotraj katere vidimo ploščo z latinsakim napisom v gotici in velikim družinskim grbom. Ščit je razdeljen na tri polja, v katerih so tri šesterokrake zvezde, jeruzalemski križ in dve vrtnici. Obdaja ga trak z napisom Fortiter ac fideliter (hrabro in zvesto). Na gornji rob ščita sta položena svitka: na levem stoji grajski stolp, na njem pa lovski pes, medtem ko je na desnem jeruzalemski križ, obdan z velikimi perutmi. Pod napisom so vklesani simboli različnih narodnosti v domovini pokojnikovih prednikov: Andrejev križ, irska deteljica, angleška vrtnica in škotski osat. Nagrobnik je izdelan iz rumenkastega peščenjaka, na napisu so sledovi rdeče barve. Prevod napisa se glasi: Ludovic MacNeven de Crannagh O’Kelly iz Aghrima, baron Svetega rimskega cesarstva, rojen v Pragi, 16. VI. 1795, umrl v Ljubljani, 14. 1. 1873. (Povzeto po: M. Piškur, S. Žitko: Ljubljansko Navje. Ljubljana, 1997.)
Razvoj vasi Gorica v mesto je najtesneje povezan z nastopom goriških grofov. Srednjeveška fevdalna rodbina iz Lurna se pod imenom »goriški« prvič pojavi začetek 12. stoletja, ko na neznan način pride ...do posesti v Posočju in Furlaniji. Goriški grofje ostanejo lastniki goriškega ozemlja do leta 1500. Skozi 400 let srednjega veka širijo svoj vpliv z vojnami, s poročnimi pogodbami, cesarskimi darili. Njihova posestva so segala na jugu do morja, na vzhodu do notranje Istre in celo do Hrvaške, na zahodu do Beneškega, na severu do Tirolske in Koroške. Zgodovina goriške grofije je polna nasprotji z oglejskim patriarhatom, nad katerimi so imeli grofje odvetniške pravice. Ta funkcija jim je prinesla veliko pravic in dohodkov, patriarhi, ki so vladali Furlaniji, pa so predstavljali oviro v širitvenih načrtih grofov v smeri Padske nižine. Leta 1150 je grof Engelbert II celo vrgel v ječo patriarha Pellegrina. Leta 1350 so zarotniki v Furlaniji napadli in ubili patriarha Bertranda iz San Ginesia. Že takrat so sumili, da je bil v zločin vpleten tudi goriški grof.Leta 1231 so goriški grofje postali državni knezi in se s tem povzpeli med največje fevdalne rodbine na jugu nemške države. Stoletni višek sovpada z vladanjem grofov Majnharda II, njegovih sinov Alberta II in Majnharda IV ter najsposobnejšega grofa Henrika II, ki je nenadoma umrl v Veroni leta 1323. Po njegovi smrti se je začelo obdobje počasnega, a vztrajnega zatona goriške grofije. S smrtjo zadnjega goriškega grofa Lenarta leta 1500 je rodbina izumrla, ozemlje Goriške pa je po podpisanih dogovorih pripadlo Habsburžanom.Na fotografiji je nagrobna plošča grofa Leonharda, ki se nahaja v stolni cerkvi Sv. Hilarija in Tacijana.
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