Sharka is a major disease threatening stone fruit production. Originally reported from the Balkan region of Europe, it is spread throughout the European continent and in other temperate areas of the ...world: Middle-East, Asia, Japan, North and South America and in parts of the North of Africa. Biotechnology is among the alternative solutions adopted to control Plum pox virus (PPV) infection. Following the success of the 'HoneySweet' plum, small RNA interfering (siRNAs) technologies are the approach to disrupt PPV replication. siRNA technologies via genetic engineering are explored in Prunus domestica, a natural host of PPV, to target the PPV genome. The engineered siRNA in plums was explored by challenging plants with the 4 major strains of PPV that are frequently found in orchards: D (originating from France), EA (from Egypt), M (from Greece) and Rec (from Slovakia). The effects of siRNAs were found to be virus specific because the doublet of 21- and 25-nucleotides was activated and no PPV strains broke the resistance. These studies conducted through more than 3 dormancy cycles pointed out that the resistant phenotype is stable. The intron-hairpin CP RNA construct demonstrated that silencing is an efficient strategy to control PPV infection. These silencing studies were extended through the development of a novel approach to silence the PPV genome: the use of artificial miRNA. Combining the knowledge about the PPV sequence and the results of the computational target predictions, two gene constructs designed as amiCPRNA and amisiCPRNA were engineered in Nicotiana benthamiana model plants. The combined effects of ami- and si-RNAs were found successful to silence the PPV genome because more than 70% of tested clones were resistant. While little is known about the cooperative function of ami- and si-RNAs, our findings show that these RNAi technologies can be successfully applied to inhibit PPV replication in these model host-plants.
The applicant ISK Biosciences Europe N.V, submitted a request to the competent national authority in Finland to evaluate the confirmatory data that were identified for flonicamid in the framework of ...the maximum residue level (MRL) review under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as not available. In order to address the data gaps, the applicant provided method validation data for hops, residue trials on cherries, plums, tomatoes and melons and referred to results from trials in cucumbers and storage stability and hydrolysis studies which have been assessed in previous EFSA outputs. The provided information was considered sufficient to address the confirmatory data gaps for hops, cherries, plums, tomatoes and aubergines, courgettes and cucurbits with inedible peel. EFSA updated the most recent consumer risk assessment for flonicamid and concluded that for the crops under assessment, the long‐term and short‐term dietary intake is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
► We determined volatile profiles of three Japanese plum cultivars for three maturity stages and cold storage. ► 35 compounds were detected, 10 generic and 5 unique to each cultivar. ► Volatile ...profiles were distinctly different amongst cultivars, maturity stages and cold storage. ► Volatiles associated with distinct maturity stages were different from those separating the cultivars.
The volatile compounds of three commercial Japanese plum cultivars (‘Pioneer’, ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Angeleno’) were determined for a seven week period including samples from three different maturity stages (immature, harvest and tree-ripe) over two fruiting seasons. At commercial harvest, samples were also cold-stored and ripened, mimicking the South African export protocols. HS-SPME was used for extraction coupled with GCTOF/MS for separation and identification. A total of 35 compounds was found with 10 of the compounds classified as generic amongst the three cultivars, viz. hexanal, 2-hexenal, hotrienol, linalool, trans-linalool oxide, cis-linalool oxide, p-menth-1-en-9-al, β-damascenone, 2-bornene and α-terpineol. Each cultivar had five unique compounds resulting in different volatile profiles for each of the functional groups and distinct separation patterns using discriminant analysis. The compounds contributing most to the distinctness of the groups within a cultivar were identified and found to be different from the compounds identified as important for separating the cultivars. For all the cultivars the cold-stored plums had volatile profiles distinctly different to those of the immature, harvested and tree-ripened fruit.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of the research was to establish the features of the inheritance of the size of the fruit in the hybrid families of
Prunus domestica.
The objects of study were hybrid seedlings of plum ...selection of the Tatar research Institute of agriculture. Fruit sizes were estimated according to the methodology of the all-Russian research Institute of fruit crops selection. The analysis of the splitting of plum in hybrid families by the size of fruits showed that seedlings with small fruits dominated in the breeding gardens of the Tatar research Institute. The size of the plum fruit is controlled by polygens. All of the original parental forms are heterozygotes for the genes determining the size of the fruit. A small fruit is a dominant trait, a large fruit is a recessive trait. In most hybrid families, plum seedlings have a significant variability in the size of the fruit. Transgressive genotypes with large fruits are formed in hybrid families Eurasia 21 x Renklod Tenkovsky, Eurasia 21 x free pollination and Zyuzinskaya x free pollination. The varieties Eurasia 21 and Zyuzinskaya must be used as sources in breeding of plums for large-fruited.
Prunus pumila
L is an introduction species that is well cultivated in the steppe regions of Russia and is used as a rootstock for plums and apricots and less often as an independent fruit crop. The ...cultivation efficiency is reduced due to instability to rotting in regions with higher snow cover. The species naturally spread in North America, where it is represented by several varieties that differ in morphological characters. Representatives of var.
susquehanae
Willd. spread on acidic substrates and sometimes occur in wetlands and probably can increase the adaptive potential of the introduction population. According to the characteristic feature of this species is the dense short pubescence of young twigs, 2 genotypes were identified in the introduction population, probably representing descendants of var.
susquehanae.
These genotypes are valuable for further introduction studies in regions with problems in the cultivation of the species due to plant rotting.
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure based on five commercialised fibres (85
μm polyacrylate – PA, 100
μm polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS, 65
μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene ...– PDMS/DVB, 70
μm carbowax/divinylbenzene – CW/DVB and 85
μm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane – CAR/PDMS) is presented for the characterization of the volatile metabolite profile of four selected Madeira island fruit species, lemon (
Citrus limon), kiwi (
Actinidia deliciosa), papaya (
Carica papaya L.) and Chickasaw plum (
Prunus angustifolia). The isolation of metabolites was followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–qMS) methodology. The performance of the target fibres was evaluated and compared. The SPME fibre coated with CW/DVB afforded the highest extraction efficiency in kiwi and papaya pulps, while in lemon and plum the same was achieved with PMDS/DVB fibre. This procedure allowed for the identification of 80 compounds, 41 in kiwi, 24 in plums, 23 in papaya and 20 in lemon. Considering the best extraction conditions, the most abundant volatiles identified in kiwi were the intense aldehydes and ethyl esters such as (E)-2-hexenal and ethyl butyrate, while in Chicasaw plum predominate 2-hexenal, 2-methyl-4-pentenal, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol and cyclohexylene oxide. The major compounds identified in the papaya pulp were benzyl isothiocyanate, linalool oxide, furfural, hydroxypropanone, linalool and acetic acid. Finally, lemon was shown to be the most divergent of the four fruits, being its aroma profile composed almost exclusively by terpens, namely limonene, γ-terpinene, o-cymene and α-terpinolene. Thirty two volatiles were identified for the first time in the fruit or close related species analysed and 14 volatiles are reported as novel volatile metabolites in fruits. This includes 5 new compounds in kiwi (2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, 4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and ethanedioic acid), 4 in plum (4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 5-methyl-2-pyrazinylmethanol, cyclohexylene oxide and 1-methylcyclohexene), 4 in papaya (octaethyleneglycol, 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione and 2-furyl methyl ketone) and 2 in lemon (geranyl farnesate and safranal). It is noteworthy that among the 15 volatile metabolites identified in papaya, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione was previously described as a novel PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) agonist, having a potential to minimize inflammation.
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•Oxalate contents of foods reliably determined with new oxalate oxidase method.•New method uses oxalate oxidase prepared from wheat bran.•Some commonly available foods in Southern China have high ...oxalate levels.•Chinese wolfberry, dragon and abalone fruit, Chinese torreya fruit: high in oxalate.•Water spinach, black rice, rice bean, are also high in oxalate.
The total oxalate contents of various vegetables, legume seeds, cereals, fruits and nuts commonly available in Southern China were determined using an improved enzymatic method. Spinach, xeric water spinach (grows on moist soil), amaranth, bamboo shoot, ginger, Chinese wolfberry, rice bean and black glutinous rice contained more than 100mg oxalate/100gFW, but leaf mustard, white radish, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, gourd except bitter melon, tomato, pepper, chufa, kelp, mushroom, soybean sprout and cowpea contained less than 10mg oxalate/100gFW. The oxalate contents of star fruit and dragon fruit were 111.4 and 97.1mg/100gFW, respectively, and those of other fruits except strawberry and black plum were less than 20mg/100gFW. Almond, cashew, hazel, pine nut and abalone fruit contained more than 150mg total oxalate/100gFW, and the oxalate levels in Chinese torreya fruit, peanut, pistachio and walnut ranged from 54.1 to 83.1mg/100gFW. Based on the results obtained, water spinach, Chinese wolfberry, black glutinous rice, dragon fruit, rice bean, abalone fruit and Chinese torreya fruit should also be considered as high oxalate-foods. The enzymatic method used in the present study enabled us to perform a large-scale quantitative investigation of oxalate contents of different foods.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant BASF Agro BV Arnhem submitted a request to the competent national authority in Austria to set and modify the maximum residue ...levels (MRLs) for the active substance mefentrifluconazole in various products of plant and animal origin. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for pome fruits, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, grapes, potatoes, sweet corns, maize, sunflower seeds, rapeseeds, sugar beet roots, swine liver, bovine kidney and ruminant milk. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of mefentrifluconazole in plant and animal matrices at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. A consumer risk assessment was performed for mefentrifluconazole. The short‐term and the long‐term intake of parent mefentrifluconazole resulting from the intended uses is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. EFSA also performed an indicative risk assessment for the following four metabolites of mefentrifluconazole, which are called triazole derivative metabolites (TDMs): triazole alanine (TA), triazole lactic acid (TLA), triazole acetic acid (TAA) and 1,2,4‐triazole (1,2,4‐T). These metabolites are common metabolites for a number of triazole fungicides. For the TDM risk assessment, EFSA took into account not only data from the intended uses of mefentrifluconazole but also the information available from various triazole pesticides previously assessed. Overall, the estimated exposure for TDMs did not exceed the toxicological reference values, noting that the consumer exposure assessments for the TDMs are affected by uncertainties related to the data gaps identified in the EU peer review of confirmatory data for TDMs.
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During three years the research on autochthonous Montenegro's plum varieties 'in situ' was performed. In this paper the most important biological and pomological properties of 3 Pozegaca clones and ...24 major plum varieties for spirit production. Investigated varieties showed significant variability within the presented properties. Fruit weight varied from 5.94 to 43 g, pit from 0.43 to 1.75 g, while efficiency of the flesh was from 91.60 to 96.97%. The fruits of 'Bjelija', 'Turgonja', 'Rana Pozeska', 'Mudovalj', 'Bosanka', 'Dupljanka', 'Zoricka', 'Plavka', 'Pazarka', 'Drenovka' and ‘Moravka’ variety were determined as of good quality, while of ‘Pozegaca’ variety as of very good quality.
Improved in vitro clonally propagation is a valuable tool for the nursery propagation. Success rate for in vitro propagation of 'Mirobolan Dwarf' plum rootstock has been analyzed. In our study the ...differentiation phase was influenced by culture media, comparison being within three culture media: QL, LF and MS, and explant size. The higher regeneration capacity 90% was recorded on QL culture media with explants 0.8-1 mm in size. Shoot multiplication was the best within QL culture media, when added 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine. Maximum rooting occurred when shoots were transferred on ½ M&S medium (100%), compared with MS medium when the rooting rate decreases (70%).
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