U radu je istražen postupak izbora ravnatelja (u razdoblju od 150 godina) u obaveznom školstvu Hrvatske između uvođenja školske obveznosti i suvremenosti. U razdoblju ove analize Hrvatska se nalazila ...u različitim državno-političkim asocijacijama i društvenim uređenjima. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati načine i pristupe izbora školskih ravnatelja u svim državnim asocijacijama i društvenim uređenjima kroz izbor školskih ravnatelja koji se kretao između stručnosti i podobnosti. To je istraženo kroz sastav organa upravljanja, propisanih uvjeta i izborne procedure. Istraživanje je obavljeno analizom 31 školskog zakona izmjena i dopuna) koji imaju karakter primarnih izvora. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se izbor ravnatelja u kontinuitetu kretao unutar stručnosti i podobnosti s ponešto diferenciranim otklonima. U izborima ravnatelja postoji velika razlika između javne percepcije koja se često temelji na pojedinačnim slučajevima, medijskoj eksponiranosti i zakonskoj regulativi. To bi se moglo ukloniti/ublažiti profesionalizacijom ravnateljske službe. Dosadašnji pokušaji su tek djelomično praktično operacionalizirani.
The paper investigates the procedure of electing principals (over the period of 150 years) in compulsory education in Croatia from the introduction of school obligation to modern times. In the period of this analysis, Croatia was in various state-political associations and social systems. The main goal of the research was to examine the ways and approaches of electing school principals in all state associations and social organisations through the selection of school principals, which ranged between expertise and eligibility. This was researched through the system of the governing body, prescribed conditions and election procedures. The research was performed by analysing 31 school acts (amendments) that have the character of primary sources. The research results show that the choice of principal continuously ranged within expertise and eligibility with somewhat differentiated deviations. In the election of principals, there has been a big difference between public perception, which is often based on individual cases, media exposure and legislation. This could be removed/mitigated by professionalising the principal’s position. The attempts so far have only been partially operationalised.
This book takes a fresh look at the popular and well-established method of maximum likelihood for statistical estimation and inference. It begins with an intuitive introduction to the concepts and ...background of likelihood, and moves through to the latest developments in maximum likelihood methodology, including general latent variable models and new material for the practical implementation of integrated likelihood using the free ADMB software. Fundamental issues of statistical inference are also examined, with a presentation of some of the philosophical debates underlying the choice of statistical paradigm.Key features:Provides an accessible introduction to pragmatic maximum likelihood modelling.Covers more advanced topics, including general forms of latent variable models (including non-linear and non-normal mixed-effects and state-space models) and the use of maximum likelihood variants, such as estimating equations, conditional likelihood, restricted likelihood and integrated likelihood.Adopts a practical approach, with a focus on providing the relevant tools required by researchers and practitioners who collect and analyze real data.Presents numerous examples and case studies across a wide range of applications including medicine, biology and ecology.Features applications from a range of disciplines, with implementation in R, SAS and/or ADMB.Provides all program code and software extensions on a supporting website.Confines supporting theory to the final chapters to maintain a readable and pragmatic focus of the preceding chapters. This book is not just an accessible and practical text about maximum likelihood, it is a comprehensive guide to modern maximum likelihood estimation and inference. It will be of interest to readers of all levels, from novice to expert. It will be of great benefit to researchers, and to students of statistics from senior undergraduate to graduate level. For use as a course text, exercises are provided at the end of each chapter.
Wordnet lahko izdelamo na podlagi že obstoječega tujejezičnega wordneta ali pa kot osnovo za gradnjo vzamemo korpusne podatke. Prvi pristop je preprostejši in enostavnejši, zaradi česar ga razvijalci ...tudi najpogosteje uporabljajo. Vendar ima ta pristop veliko pomanjkljivost, predvsem to, da tako izdelan vir ne odseva nujno jezika, za katerega je bil izdelan. Zato v pričujočem prispevku predstavljamo pristop, ki izhaja iz jezikovnih podatkov, pridobljenih iz jezikoslovno označenega referenčnega korpusa, iz katerega smo s pomočjo preprostih statističnih metod izluščili sezname semantično podobnih besed, ki smo jih nato vključili v wordnet za slovenščino. Pristop je bil prvotno razvit za poljščino, vendar je privlačen tudi za druge jezike, saj zanj potrebujemo minimalna jezikovnotehnološka orodja in vire, zato ga je enostavno uporabiti tudi za jezike, za katere obsežen wordnet ali podoben semantični leksikon še ne obstaja. Druga pomembna prednost uporabljenega pristopa pa je, da temelji na izpričani jezikovni rabi, pridobljeni iz korpusa, ki se nato kaže v jezikovno utemeljeni organizaciji besedišča v izdelani semantični mreži. Glede na to, da so vsi naši dosedanji pristopi za izdelovo slovenskega wordneta celotno strukturo prevzeli iz Princetonovega WordNeta, ki je bil izdelan za angleščino, bodo spodbudni rezultati, dobljeni s pričujočo metodo, koristno dopolnjevali obstoječo semantično mrežo.
With more than 2700 mutant-derived cultivars, mutation techniques belong to the most efficient breeding methods. Despite a relatively good understanding of mutagenesis there is no agreement about the ...range of genome changes in mutants. Visualizing the gain and the loss of transposon insertion sites in SSAP profiles, the present studies aimed to answer whether or not mutants can be regarded as near isogenic lines with respect to their parent cultivar. Activities of BARE-1 retrotransposon and Tpo1-like DNA transposon from the CACTA superfamily were analysed in ten barley mutants derived by mutagenic treatment of two cultivars, Brenda and Scarlett. A large number and proportion of mutations (on average 21.4 mutations encompassing 19.7% loci) confirm high efficiency of applied mutagens. However, differences exist among both cultivars and transposons. The lack of clear correlation between transposon activities and morphology reflects different mechanisms shaping the mutant architecture. With respect to a transposon type, BARE-1 and Tpo1-like were equally active in inducing mutations. However, their activity differs in that the former was mainly responsible for new insertions while the latter equally for insertions and deletions. An excess of new insertions over recombinational loss suggests a transposon burst as a response to stress caused by chemical mutagens. Low estimations of Nei's similarities, well within the range of semispecies demonstrate the role of mutagenic factors in diversification of populations. This way mutagenic treatment not only provides rough breeding materials but also can be used as a model in evolutionary studies.
Pri več kot 2700 kultivarjih gojenih rastlin so bili mutanti izhodišče za požlahtnitev, torej je induciranje mutacij ena od učinkovitih metod žlahtnjenja rastlin. Kljub razmeroma dobremu razumevanju procesa mutageneze ni soglasja o tem, kakšen je pri mutantih obseg sprememb genoma. S prikazom pridobitve ali izgube na mestih insercije transpozonov pri SSAP profilih poskuša ta raziskava pojasniti, če so mutanti skoro izogene linije v primerjavi z izhodiščnimi kultivarji. Aktivnost retrotranspozona BARE-1 in transpozonu Tpo1 podobnega iz superdružine CACTA je bila raziskana pri desetih mutantih ječmena, dobljenih z mutagenim tretiranjem dveh kultivarjev, Brenda in Scarlett. Veliko število mutacij in njihov delež (v povprečju 21,4 mutacij na 19,7% lokusih) potrjuje učinkovitost uporabljenih mutagenov. Toda med obema kultivarjema in transpozoni so razlike. Ugotovljeno je, da ni jasne povezave med aktivnostjo transpozonov in morfologijo, kar se odraža v razlikah v mehanizmu formiranja oblik pri mutantih. Glede na vrsto transpozona sta BARE-1 in Tpo1-u sličen enako aktivna pri induciranju mutacij. Toda so razlike v aktivnosti glede na to, da prvo navedeni povzroča predvsem nove insercije, medtem ko drugi povzroča tako insercije kot delecije. Višek novih insercij v primerjavi z rekombinacijsko izgubo nakazuje, da je nastanek transpozonov povzročen s stresom, ki ga povzročijo kemični mutageni. Nizka ocena podobnosti po Nei-u, ki je v okviru podobne kot pri podvrstah, kaže na vlogo mutagenih dejavnikov pri diverzifikaciji populacij. Na ta način mutageno obravnavanje ne daje samo izhodiščnega materiala za žlahtnjenje rastlin, ampak je lahko uporabno tudi kot model v evolucijskih raziskavah.
Coping with uncertainty is a necessary part of ordinary life and is crucial to an understanding of how the mind works. For example, it is a vital element in developing artificial intelligence that ...will not be undermined by its own rigidities. There have been many approaches to the problem of uncertain inference, ranging from probability to inductive logic to nonmonotonic logic. Thisbook seeks to provide a clear exposition of these approaches within a unified framework. The principal market for the book will be students and professionals in philosophy, computer science, and AI. Among the special features of the book are a chapter on evidential probability, which has not received a basic exposition before; chapters on nonmonotonic reasoning and theory replacement, matters rarely addressed in standard philosophical texts; and chapters on Mill's methods and statistical inference that cover material sorely lacking in the usual treatments of AI and computer science.
Hrvatski se film početkom 1990-ih našao u jednako nezavidnoj situaciji kao i država u kojoj je tada otežano egzistirao; uslijed ponovnoga rođenja zemlje te agresorskoga napada na nju i borbe za ...očuvanje granica, film se i sam na neki način morao ponovo roditi. Domovinski rat se kao umjetnička tema, dakako, nije mogao izbjeći, pa su ga preko svake mjere eksploatirali i filmaši, kojima je već samo tematiziranje rodoljublja – ma kako isprazno, nenadahnuto ili manipulativno bilo – donosilo određenu društvenu i/ili financijsku satisfakciju. Film i politika često su u hrvatskoj kinematografiji bili povezani i u službi izravne manipulacije, te je čestu podjelu redatelja na podobne i nepodobne zadržao i novoustoličeni režim, samo po drugim kriterijima. U radu se daje pregled eklatantnih primjera političko-ideološke orijentiranosti hrvatskoga igranog filma od početka do kraja 1990-ih, napose njegovih kontekstualnih, tematskih i stilskih obilježja. Pokazuje se kako je odgovor hrvatske filmske umjetnosti iz toga razdoblja na aktivnu agresiju koja je zatirala temeljna ljudska prava – pravo na život, slobodu i sigurnost – također bio (pasivno) agresivan, u vidu diskriminacije, netolerancije i isključivosti, što je za posljedicu imalo uglavnom niske kvalitativne domete hrvatske filmografije u tom razdoblju.
Trag Podnar, Ante
Zbornik radova Međimurskog veleučilišta u Čakovcu,
12/2012, Volume:
3, Issue:
2
Paper
Open access
U radu će se dati informacije o vrsti, važnosti, načinu otkrivanja i osiguranja tragova kaznenih djela. Osiguranje tragova primarno obavljaju policijski službenici temeljne policije dolaskom na ...mjesto događaja te time omogućavaju testiranje buduće operativne i kazneno-pravne djelatnosti nadležnih tijela. Pronalazak ili nepronalazak tipičnih tragova važan je u heurističkoj kriminalistici jer o tome ovisi stvaranje verzija i cjelokupna daljnja otkrivačka aktivnost.
Článek interpretuje Humovu teorii asociace idejí především se zřetelem k podobnosti jako jednomu z principů asociace a k obecným idejím (či pojmům) jako zásadnímu produktu asociace. Na základě této ...interpretace autor tvrdí, že Humovo pojetí podobnosti a obecných termínů není podmíněno přijetím tzv. „mýtu daného“. V důsledku přijetí tohoto předpokladu však vyvstávají nové otázky, zejména proč asociací vznikají zrovna ty obecné pojmy, které reálně vznikají, a jak dochází k jejich intersubjektivnímu sdílení. Tyto otázky vedou k nutnosti doplnit obrázek mysli jako „zrcadla přírody“ ze začátku první knihy Humova Pojednání o lidské přirozenosti obrázkem mysli jako „zrcadla druhých“ z jeho druhé knihy.
Der vorliegende Artikel bietet eine Interpretation von Humes Theorie der Assoziation von Ideen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Ähnlichkeit als eines der Assoziationsprinzipien und auf die allgemeinen Ideen (bzw. Begriffe) als Grundprodukte der Assoziation. Auf Grundlage dieser Interpretation stellt der Autor die Behauptung auf, dass Humes Auffassung der Ähnlichkeit und der allgemeinen Begriffe nicht durch die Annahme des sog. „Mythos des Gegebenen“ bedingt ist. Infolge der Annahme dieser Voraussetzung treten jedoch neue Fragen auf, insbesondere die Frage, warum durch Assoziationen ausgerechnet jene allgemeinen Begriffe entstehen, die real entstehen, und wie es zu deren intersubjektiven Mitteilung kommt. Diese Fragen führen zu der Notwendigkeit, das Bild vom Denken als „Spiegel der Natur“ am Anfang des ersten Buches von Humes Abhandlung über die menschliche Natur durch das Bild des Denkens als „Spiegel der Anderen“ aus dem zweiten Buch zu ergänzen.
The article interprets Hume’s theory of association of ideas, primarily with respect to resemblance as one of the principles of association and to general ideas (or concepts) as a principal consequence of association. On the basis of this interpretation, the author argues that Hume’s conception of resemblance and general terms is not conditioned by the acceptance of the so-called “myth of the given”. As a result of accepting this assumption, however, new questions arise; in particular, why is it that just those general concepts arise that in fact arise and how are they intersubjectively shared. These questions lead to the need to supplement the image of the mind as a “mirror of nature” from the beginning of Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature, book I, with the image of the mind as a “mirror of others” from book II.
Tato recenzní studie sleduje analogii, na níž založil svoji metodu bádání i psaní Douglas R. Hofstadter v knize Gödel, Escher, Bach (Praha: Argo – Dokořán 2012, 830 s.). Proti Hofstadterovu pojetí ...analogie, kromě jiného ilustrované zavádějícími příklady skladeb J. S. Bacha, je analogie v této studii precizována. Zároveň jsou ve studii napraveny nedostatky hudebních příkladů, jež by patrně neodhalili čtenáři bez přímé vazby na hudební teorii. Tyto aspekty sleduje tato studie až k závěru, že recenzovaná vlivná kniha, neprávem aspirující na metodologii veškerenstva, patří mezi poulárně naučnou literaturu.
Alena Hönigová, Jaroslav Mestek.
This book review study observes the analogy, which has formed a basis for Douglas R. Hofstadter’s method of research and writing in the book Gödel, Escher, Bach (Prague: Argo – Dokořán 2012, 830 p.). As opposed to Hofstadter’s concept of analogy, besides other issues illustrated by misleading examples of J. S. Bach’s composition work, the analogy in this study is given a more precise exactitude. At the same time the insufficiencies of musical examples, which would probably not be revealed by readers without direct linkage to the musical theory, are being corrected in this study. These aspects are followed in this study towards the conclusion, that the influential book under this review, wrongfully aspiring to the universal methodology, belongs to the general non-fiction literature.
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