Abstract
Aim
Aiming at assessing sufficiency of energy/protein intake in hospitalized patients, the objective was to monitor and analyze actual food intake of patients hospitalized in three clinical ...wards of one of major Slovenian hospitals.
Methods
53 patients were included in the study. Food intake was assessed 3 times daily from leftovers. Nutritional status was assessed with Nutritional Risk Screening tool 2002. The observed outcomes were percentage of energy coverage (PEC) and percentage of protein coverage (PPC). In PEC energy nutritional value of the menu (ENVM), and in PPC protein nutritional value of the menu (PNVM) were considered as the main modifiable risk factors. Data were analyzed univariately and multivariately by using logistic regression method.
Results
The patients did not cover energy needs (67.4±24.5%). Multivariate model for PEC was highly significant (R2=0.347; pmodel<0.001) with ENVM showing high strength of association (b=0.040; p=0.004). Patients also did not cover protein needs (84.0±40.2%). Multivariate model for PEC was highly significant (R2=0.477; pmodel<0.001) and PNVM showing high strength of association (b=0.937; p=0.002).
Conclusion
For successful prevention and early detection of malnutrition, food intake in hospitals is vital and should be constantly monitored. A simple method for monitoring is proposed. The menus provided to patients should also be adequate in terms of energy and protein content.
The aim of our experiment was to improve fungicide spray deposition and coverage of potato leaves by using air-injector nozzle types. We used two standard nozzle types - a flat fan nozzle ST and a ...hollow cone nozzle TR, as well as a couple of air-injector nozzle types - an air-injector compact nozzle IDK and a symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN (with a 30 ° forward and a 30 ° backward spray jet angle). Water-sensitive paper was placed on the upper, middle and lower part of the plant in order to determine the quality of fungicide deposition and the ability of droplets to penetrate lower parts of the plant. When using the air-injector compact nozzle IDK, potato leaves were covered well at all three levels of the plant. The use of the above-mentioned nozzle resulted in the lowest reduction in coverage value and droplet impression area from the top towards the lowest part of the plant. Furthermore, the nozzle created large enough droplets with sufficient mass and speed to penetrate the dense canopy all the way to the lowest part of the plant. When using the symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN, the angle of both spray jets was excessively wide in order for the droplets to reach the lower part of the plant despite a very large droplet impression area. The use of both standard nozzle types resulted in a poor spray mixture coverage of the middle and lower part of the plant. This predominantly occurred due to insufficient droplet size and the subsequent lack of kinetic energy. Results show that the use of a newer air-injector compact nozzle IDK improves the deposition and coverage of potato leaves with spray mixture.
Namen poskusa je bil izboljšanje nanosa in pokritosti listov krompirja s škropilno brozgo pri uporabi novejših izvedb injektorskih šob. Uporabili smo dve standardni izvedbi šob, špranjasto šobo ST in vrtinčno šobo TR ter dve injektorski izvedbi šob, šobo IDK in šobo z dvojnim simetričnim curkom TWIN (škropilni curek pod kotom 30 o naprej in 30 o nazaj). Na zgornji, srednji in spodnji del rastline smo namestili na vodo občutljive lističe, da bi pri uporabljenih šobah ugotovili kakovost fungicidnega nanosa in sposobnost prodiranja kapljic v spodnje dele rastlin. Ugotovili smo, da je bila najboljša pokritost listov krompirja na vseh etažah pri uporabi injektorske šobe IDK. Pri tej šobi je bilo najmanjše zmanjšanje odstotka pokritosti in površine odtisa posamezne kapljice od vrha proti spodnjemu delu rastline. Ta šoba tvori dovolj velike kapljice, ki imajo veliko hitrost in zadostno maso, da lahko prodrejo skozi gost listni sestoj do spodnjega dela rastline. Pri injektorski šobi z dvojnim simetričnim curkom TWIN je bil kot obeh škropilnih curkov prevelik, da bi kapljice zadele spodnji del rastline, kljub temu da je bila površina odtisa posamezne kapljice zelo velika. Pri obeh standardnih izvedbah šob je bila preslaba pokritost s škropilno brozgo v srednjem in spodnjem delu rastline predvsem zaradi premajhnih kapljic in posledično premajhne kinetične energije. Rezultati kažejo izboljšanje depozicije in pokritosti listov krompirja s škropilno brozgo pri uporabi novejše injektorske šobe IDK.
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