It was not long ago that scientists proclaimed victory over polio, the dread disease of the 1950s. More recently polio resurfaced, not conquered at all, spreading across the countries of Africa. As ...we once again face the specter of this disease, along with other killers like AIDS and SARS, this powerful book reminds us of the personal cost, the cultural implications, and the historical significance of one of modern humanity's deadliest biological enemies. In Polio and Its Aftermath Marc Shell, himself a victim of polio, offers an inspired analysis of the disease. Part memoir, part cultural criticism and history, part meditation on the meaning of disease, Shell's work combines the understanding of a medical researcher with the sensitivity of a literary critic. He deftly draws a detailed yet broad picture of the lived experience of a crippling disease as it makes it way into every facet of human existence. Polio and Its Aftermath conveys the widespread panic that struck as the disease swept the world in the mid-fifties. It captures an atmosphere in which polio vied with the Cold War as the greatest cause of unrest in North America --and in which a strange and often debilitating uncertainty was one of the disease's salient but least treatable symptoms. Polio particularly afflicted the young, and Shell explores what this meant to families and communities. And he reveals why, in spite of the worldwide relief that greeted Jonas Salk's vaccine as a miracle of modern science, we have much more to fear from polio now than we know.
Hepatit B, BCG, DaBT-İPA-Hib, KPA, OPA, KKK, suçiçeǧi, hepatit A aşıları aynı gün uygulanabilir. Çok sayıda aşının aynı gün uygulanması çocuǧun baǧışıklık sistemini zorlamaz. * Her iki aşı açısından ...endikasyon olsa da iki aşının aynı gün kullanılamayacaǧı iki istisna söz konusudur: * Hem konjuge pnömokok hem de polisakkarid pnömokok aşısının uygulanması gereken risk gruplarında (örneǧin kronik akciǧer, kronik karaciǧer, kronik kalp, kronik böbrek hastaları, baǧışıklıǧı baskılı bireyler, hiposplenizm/asplenizm olanlar, diyabet hastaları vb. gibi) bu iki aşı aynı anda uygulanamaz. Bu risk grubunda Nimenrix ya da Menveo marka konjuge meningokok aşıları için böyle bir zamanlamaya gerek yoktur.
A memoir by a disability rights activist
Such a Pretty Girl is Nadina LaSpina's story-from her
early years in her native Sicily, where still a baby she contracts
polio, a fact that makes her the ...object of well-meaning pity and
the target of messages of hopelessness; to her adolescence and
youth in America, spent almost entirely in hospitals, where she is
tortured in the quest for a cure and made to feel that her body no
longer belongs to her; to her rebellion and her activism in the
disability rights movement. LaSpina's personal growth parallels the
movement's political development-from coming together, organizing,
and fighting against exclusion from public and social life, to the
forging of a common identity, the blossoming of disability arts and
culture, and the embracing of disability pride. While unique, the
author's journey is also one with which many disabled people can
identify. It is the journey to find one's place in an ableist
world-a world not made for disabled people, where disability is
only seen in negative terms. La Spina refutes all stereotypical
narratives of disability. Through the telling of her life's story,
without editorializing, she shows the harm that the overwhelming
focus on pity and on a cure that remains elusive has done to
disabled people. Her story exposes the disability prejudice
ingrained in our sociopolitical system and denounces the oppressive
standards of normalcy in a society that devalues those who are
different and denies them basic rights. Written as continuous
narrative and in a subtle and intimate voice, Such a Pretty Girl is
a memoir as captivating as a novel. It is one of the few disability
memoirs to focus on activism, and one of the first by an
immigrant.
"When a waiting world learned on April 12, 1955, that Jonas Salk had successfully created a vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis, he became a hero overnight. Born in a New York tenement, humble in ...manner, Salk had all the makings of a twentieth-century icon-a knight in a white coat. In the wake of his achievement, he received a staggering number of awards and honors; for years his name ranked with Gandhi and Churchill on lists of the most revered people. And yet the one group whose adulation he craved--the scientific community--remained ominously silent. "The worst tragedy that could have befallen me was my success," Salk later said. "I knew right away that I was through-cast out." In the first complete biography of Jonas Salk, Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs unravels Salk's story to reveal an unconventional scientist and a misunderstood and vulnerable man. Despite his incredible success in developing the polio vaccine, Salk was ostracized by his fellow scientists, who accused him of failing to give proper credit to other researchers and scorned his taste for media attention. Even before success catapulted him into the limelight, Salk was an inscrutable man disliked by many of his peers. Driven by an intense desire to aid mankind, he was initially oblivious and eventually resigned to the personal cost--as well as the costs suffered by his family and friends. And yet Salk remained, in the eyes of the public, an adored hero. Based on hundreds of personal interviews and unprecedented access to Salk's sealed archives, Jacobs' biography offers the most complete picture of this complicated figure. Salk's story has never been fully told; until now, his role in preventing polio has overshadowed his part in co-developing the first influenza vaccine, his effort to meld the sciences and humanities in the magnificent Salk Institute, and his pioneering work on AIDS. A vivid and intimate portrait, this will become the standard work on the remarkable life of Jonas Salk"--
Objective. Reconstruct the activities of the Pan American Poliomyelitis Eradication Program, through documents produced by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from 1985 to 1994. Methods. ...Documents on polio eradication produced from 1985 to 1994, obtained through the publications portal at the official PAHO website, were used as primary sources of information. Documents were categorized by type and their contents studied, revealing their context in the framework of the history of international public health. Results. Two hundred sixty documents were found and categorized as bulletins, resolutions, articles, and books. In 1985, PAHO implemented an initiative to eradicate transmission of wild poliovirus in the Americas by 1990. National commissions, a Technical Advisory Group, cross-border meetings, and other coordination mechanisms were established. Eradication activities were monitored by the International Commission for the Certification of Polio Eradication, using five indicators. The Region of the Americas was officially certified in 1994. Conclusions. The road to polio eradication in the Region of the Americas was affected by different political, social, and economic circumstances in the different member countries and was not problem-free. Nonetheless, important collaboration agreements were reached and experiences and resources were shared. This led to achieving the final goal before other regions. PAHO played a key role and spearheaded the entire process. Key words Poliomyelitis; disease eradication; Pan American Health Organization; Americas. Objetivo. Reconstruir las actividades del Programa Panamericano de Erradicacion de la Poliomielitis, a traves de los documentos generados por la Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) entre 1985 y 1994. Metodos. Se utilizaron, como fuentes primarias de informacion, los documentos sobre erradicacion de la poliomielitis generados entre 1985 y 1994, a traves del portal de acceso de publicaciones de la pagina oficial de la OPS. Se establecio una clasificacion de los documentos y se estudiaron sus contenidos, contextualizandolos en el marco de la historia de salud publica internacional. Resultados. Se encontraron 260 documentos clasificados en boletines, resoluciones, articulos y libros. En 1985, la OPS puso en marcha la iniciativa de erradicacion de la transmision del poliovirus salvaje en las Americas para 1990. Se establecieron comisiones nacionales, un grupo tecnico asesor, reuniones interfronteras y otros mecanismos de coordinacion. El seguimiento de las acciones de erradicacion por parte de la Comision Internacional para la Certificacion de la Erradicacion de la Poliomielitis se llevo a cabo a traves de cinco indicadores; obteniendose la certificacion oficial para la Region de las Americas en 1994. Conclusiones. El camino que condujo a la erradicacion de la poliomielitis en la Region de las Americas estuvo condicionado por las diferentes circunstancias politicas, sociales y economicas de los diferentes paises integrantes y no estuvo exento de problemas. Aun asi, se lograron importantes acuerdos de colaboracion e intercambio de experiencias y recursos, que condujeron a alcanzar la meta final antes que otras regiones. La OPS jugo un papel central y lidero todo el proceso. Palabras clave Poliomielitis; erradicacion de la enfermedad; Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud; Americas.
Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar ...(2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66). Gaps in OPV coverage and the previous eradication of the corresponding serotype of indigenous wild poliovirus were the critical risk factors for all cVDPV outbreaks. The cVDPV outbreaks were stopped by mass immunization campaigns using OPV. To increase sensitivity for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), in 2001 the Global Polio Laboratory Network implemented additional testing requirements for all poliovirus isolates under investigation. This approach quickly led to the recognition of the Philippines and Madagascar cVDPV outbreaks, but of no other current outbreaks. The potential risk of cVDPV emergence has increased dramatically in recent years as wild poliovirus circulation has ceased in most of the world. The risk appears highest for the type 2 OPV strain because of its greater tendency to spread to contacts. The emergence of cVDPVs underscores the critical importance of eliminating the last pockets of wild poliovirus circulation, maintaining universally high levels of polio vaccine coverage, stopping OPV use as soon as it is safely possible to do so, and continuing sensitive poliovirus surveillance into the foreseeable future. Particular attention must be given to areas where the risks for wild poliovirus circulation have been highest, and where the highest rates of polio vaccine coverage must be maintained to suppress cVDPV emergence.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Although there have been no cases of serotype 2 wild poliovirus for more than 20 years, transmission of serotype 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) and associated paralytic cases in several ...continents represent a threat to eradication. The withdrawal of the serotype 2 component of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2) was implemented in April 2016 to stop VDPV2 emergence and secure eradication of all serotype 2 poliovirus. Globally, children born after this date have limited immunity to prevent transmission. Using a statistical model, we estimated the emergence date and source of VDPV2s detected between May 2016 and November 2019. Outbreak response campaigns with monovalent OPV2 are the only available method to induce immunity to prevent transmission. Yet our analysis shows that using monovalent OPV2 is generating more paralytic VDPV2 outbreaks with the potential for establishing endemic transmission. A novel OPV2, for which two candidates are currently in clinical trials, is urgently required, together with a contingency strategy if this vaccine does not materialize or perform as anticipated.
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