Introduction. The Islamist model of Iran assumes understanding national values and recognizing rights of indigenous peoples, seeks to meet the material and spiritual needs of society. This model has ...epistemological, ontological, and anthropological foundations rooted in the revelatory and ideological teachings of Islam. Its content, therefore, is based on monotheism, resurrection, and the inseparability of the worlds. The process of political development in the Islamic-Iranian model is progress based on divine and Islamic knowledge, arising from the heart, historical, indigenous, and cultural conditions of our country, which are realized in the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The importance of the research is that, by explaining the indicators of political development, it outlines how the will to achieve it forms in society. Methods and materials. To achieve the desired development and stand up against adversities and sanctions, we must identify our needs, limitations, and political, social, and economic harms and take action to solve them, then keep pace with the new global developments. The strategies considered for data analysis in the present study are in the framework of a qualitative method and based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Analysis. The study raises these questions: what indicators comprise the Islamic-Iranian model of progress’s political development, and how can this model achieve sustainable political development? The results of the study show the indicators of political development in the model are in accordance with the Sharia, and the context of sustainable political development is achieved by committing to implementing justice in the policy-making environment of society.
Scholars working in the analytic traditions of Historical Institutionalism (HI) and American Political Development (APD) have increasingly turned their attention to the role of political parties in ...shaping politics across time and space. However, despite recent advances, historically-minded social scientists continue to juxtapose institutions and contentious forms of politics. We argue that such a dichotomy is unwarranted. Specifically, we assert that because of their place and function in the modern democratic polity, political parties are fundamentally and inextricably contentious institutions.
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Although sociologists have frequently touched on ideas related to brokerage in their research, brokerage is rarely considered a central concept in the discipline's theoretical or analytic arsenal. ...Theoretically, brokerage is one of a small number of mechanisms by which disconnected or isolated individuals (or groups) can interact economically, politically, and socially. Across substantive domains, we are particularly struck by a dual aspect of brokerage: On the one hand, brokerage has the capacity to ease social interaction, enhance economic activity, and facilitate political development. On the other hand, brokerage often breeds exploitation, the pursuit of personal profit, corruption, and the accumulation of power; through these and other processes, brokerage can exacerbate existing inequalities. In this review, we make the case for elevating the concept of brokerage to a more prominent place in the sociological canon. Brokerage's significance stems from its potential for macro-level consequences, which are revealed primarily through its impact on the permeability of group boundaries. However, because brokerage is built from informal, personal relationships, understanding it requires close attention to micro-level relations and social psychological processes.
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Pengertian era reformasi dalam khazanah politik Indonesia merujuk pada masa pasca berhentinya Jenderal (Purn.) Soeharto sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 2l Mei 1998. Sejak itu, ...berbagai tuntutan pun disuarakan oleh elemen masyarakat untuk memperbaiki kondisi dan struktur ketatanegaraan, antara lain: Amandemen UUD 1945; penghapusan Dwifungsi ABRI; penegakan supremasi hukum, penghormatan hak asasi manusia (HAM), dan pemberantasan korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme (KKN); desentralisasi dan hubungan yang adil antara Pusat dan Daerah (otonomi daerah); mewujudkan kebebasan pers; dan mewujudkan kehidupan demokrasi. Dari sudut pandang sistem hukum (legal system) yang berkembang selama ini hingga era reformasi, secara struktural, substansional maupun budaya hukum, teori ini akan sangat mudah melakukan evaluasi keberadaan konsep maupun penerapan hukum yang seharusnya. Untuk menganalisis politik pembangunan hukum nasional dalam era pasca reformasi, salah satu rujukannya adalah pada naskah RPJMN. Namun demikian sebelum meninjau politik pembangunan hukum nasional dalam era pasca reformasi, penting ditinjau lebih dahulu aspek historisnya, yakni politik pembangunan hukum nasional pada era sebelum masa reformasi dan pada masa reformasi. Unfuk melakukan pembaruan terhadap substansi (materi) hukum nasional, diperlukan penelitian yang bersifat mendalam, agar tujuan meniadakan tumpang tindih dan inkonsistensi peraturan dapat dihindari. kata kunci: Pembangunan Politik Hukum Abstract: Definition of the reform era in Indonesia's political reportoire refers to the period after the cessation of General (ret.) Soeharto as President of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 May 1998. Since then, various demands was echoed by elements of society to improve the condition and structure of public administration, inter alia: Amendment of the Constitution 1945; the elimination of the dual function of the armed forces; upholding the rule of law, respect for human rights (human rights), and the eradication of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN); decentralization and equitable relationship between the central and regional (local autonomy); embodies the freedom of the press; and realizing democracy. From the perspective of the legal system (legal system) that developed during this time to the era of reform, structural, and cultural substansional law, this theory would be very easy to evaluate the existence of the concept and application of the law should be. To analyze the political development of national law in the post-reform era, one reference is RPJMN manuscript. However, before reviewing the political development of national law in the post-reform era, are reviewed first important historical aspects, namely the political development of national law in the era before the reformasi and the reform period. To perform the update on the substance (matter) national laws, which are in-depth research is needed, in order to negate the purpose regulatory overlap and inconsistencies can be avoided. Daftar Pustaka Apeldoorn, L.J. van. Inleiding tot de Studie van Het Nederlands Recht, atau Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, terj. Oetarid Sadino. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1981. Arinanto, Satya. Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Transisi Politik di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2005. Asshiddiqie, Jimly. Agenda Pembangunan Hukum Nasional di Abad Globalisasi, Jakarta. Balai Pustaka, 1998. Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983. Claude, Richard Pierre dan Burns H: Weston, eds. Human Rights in the World Community. Phila delphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. Coper, Michael and George Williams, eds. The Cauldron of Constitutional Change. Canberre: Centre for International and Public Law Faculty of Law Australian National University, 1997. Dallmayr, Fred R. Achieving Our World: Toward a Global and Plural Democracy. Lanham: Rowman dan Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. Dallmayr, Fred dan Jose M. Rosales, eds. Beyond Nationalism?: Sovereignty and Citizenship. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia dalam Proses Demokratisasi: Laporan Pelaksanaan Fungsi, Tugas, dan Wewenang DPR RI pada Sidang Tahunan MPR RI, Tahun Pertama 1999-2000. Jakarta: Agustus 2000 _, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia dalam Proses Demokratisasi: Laporan Pelaksanaan Fungsi, Tugas, dan Wewenang DPR RI pada Sidang Tahunan MPR RI, Tahun Kedua 2000-2001. Jakarta: November 2001. Emmerson, Donald K., ed. Indonesia Beyond Soeharto: Negara, Ekonomi, Masyarakat, Transisi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka TJtama bekerja sama dengan The Asia Foundation, 2001. Farnsworth, E. Allan. An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States. Oceana: 1983. Finer, S.E., Vernon Bogdanor, dan Bernard Rudden. Comparing Constitutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Friedman, Lawrence M.A History of American Law. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. _, American Law: An Introduction. New York: W.W. Norton dan Company, 1984. Friedmann, Wolfgang. Law in a Changing Society. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1972. _, Legal Theory. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. Fukuyama, Francis. State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century. London: Profile Books, 2015. Gaffar, Firoz dan Ifdhal Kasim, eds. Reformasi Hukum di Indonesia. Jakarta: Cyberconsult, 2000. International IDEA (Lembaga International untuk Bantuan Demokrasi dan Pemilu. Penilaian Demokratisasi di Indonesia. Pengembangan Kapasitas Seri 8. Jakarta: International IDEA, 2000. Komisi Hukum Nasional (KHN) Republik Indonesia, Kebijakan Reformasi Hukum: Suatu Rekomendasi (Jakarta: KHN, 2003). Kritz, Neil J., ed. Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume L General Considerations. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (MPR RI). Panduan dalam Memasyarakatkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945: Latar Belakang, Proses, dan Hasil Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 2003. Merryman, John Henry. The Civil Law Trandition: An Introduction to the Legal Western Europa and Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985. Pickles, John dan Adrian Smith, eds. Theorising Transition: The Political Economy of Post- Comunist Transformations. London: Routladge, 1998. Stiglitz, Joseph. Globalizations and Its Discontents. London: Penguin Books, 2002. Teitel, Ruti G. Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. Tim Sejarah BPHN. Sejarah Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. Jakarta:: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2005. Radhie, Teuku Mohammad. "Pembaruan Hukum di Indonesia," dalam Guru Pinandita: Sumbangsih untuk Prof. Djokosoetono, SH. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, 2006. Schmitter, Philippe C. "Recent Developments in Academic Study of Democratization: Lesson for Indonesia from 'Transitology' and 'Consolidology'."Paper Presented on the Inauguration and Colloquium of the Habibie Center in Jakarta, 22-24 May, 2000. Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Promulgated by the Parliamentary Council on 23 May 1949. Bonn: Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, 1995. Departemen Penerangan Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan-ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Tahun 1973. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1978. Ketetapan-ketetapan MPR RI 1993 Beserta Susunan Kabinet Pembangunan VI. Semarang: Aneka Ilmu, 1993. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, Ketetapan-ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Tahun 1998. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 1998. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia. Ketetapan-ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Hasil Sidang Umum MPR RI Tahun 1999. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 1999. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, Putusan Sidang Istimewa MPR RI Tahun 2001. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 2001. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia, Himpunan Ketetapan MPRS dan MPR Tahun 1960 sampai dengan 2002. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal MPR RI, 2002. Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Perbendaharaan Negara, UU Nomor 1 Tahun 2004, LN Nomor 5 Tahun 2004, TLN Nomor 4355.
The victory of the revolution led to the emergence and redefinition of religious values and concepts, and the intensity of its impact on the cultural aspects and the value developments of the concept ...of policy-making was more and more influenced by the value and ideological aspects. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the nature of the Islamic revolution, which is mainly cultural, cultural policies have been formed within the framework of Islamic laws, Shari'a and the constitution. Cultural policymaking is a manifestation of the government's political power, which, if institutionalized, can be considered an important indicator in political development.Since the beginning of history, the family has been the main social institution, the foundation of societies and the origin of cultures, civilizations and the history of human. The family has a high position in the system of the Islamic Republic and the official policies of the country. The Islamic Republic of Iran looks at the family as a means of honoring and respecting the human position. Paying attention to the many functions of the family has caused the family to be recognized as one of the most basic social pillars, and this issue has also caused the constitution to pay attention to this important issue in its tenth principle and stipulates: "Since the single family It is the foundation of Islamic society, all related laws and regulations and planning should be aimed at facilitating the formation of a family, protecting its sanctity and establishing family relationships based on Islamic law and ethics.The main question of the current research is as below:what effect did parallel institutions in the field of culture have on the realization of cultural policies in the field of family in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact which parallel work of cultural institutions in the field of family has led to the ineffectiveness of the actions of these institutions and caused the cultural policies of the Islamic Republic to be not very successful in this field and the problems related to the issue of the family in the last three decades are currently is an increase.The method of collecting the necessary data to conduct such a research has been the "documentary method", in the framework of which a collection of experiences related to the forty-year "controversies" over the "process of exercising power" in the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the cultural policies of the family area, is recognized and collected. has been These experiences are presented directly or indirectly in the form of a series of books, articles, reports, notes and interviews. This research was conducted in the "interpretative" paradigm and in the "qualitative method". The method of data analysis in this research is done using correlation. This type of research seeks to know the existence of a relationship between variables. It is not necessarily a cause and effect relationship. In this research, the positive and negative correlation between the two variables of cultural institutions and the exercise of power in the political development of the Islamic Republic of Iran is studied.This article does not have a theoretical framework and instead a conceptual framework has been used. This research has tried to use the method of solidarity and institutionalism approach to the concept of political development and with regard to the correlation between parallel cultural institutions and the cultural policies of the family in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the degree of success in exercising government power and its impact on political development in this system. Review. In this article, the theoretical model of "Papitz" "Political Power Exercise Index" has been specifically considered in explaining the challenges of more institutionalization of power and political development in Iran, which is a proposal to understand and make the whole meaningful in the transformation of the exercise of institutionalized political power, formalization. Or, as Papitz says, it is the formalization of the exercise of power.Public policymaking is the manifestation of the will of the government in the field of action. Policy-making in the field of culture is considered one of the most important areas of exercising political power and an indicator of political development. And considering that culture is one of the main components of sustainable development; Policy-making, in which the ability to implement these policies in order to achieve the defined goals, plays an important role in the success of public policies of governments. Culture is one of the most important areas of policymaking, because culture is one of the main components of sustainable development. The studies conducted on the success rate of cultural policies announced in the field of the family during the last two decades clearly show that the implementation of these policies is facing serious challenges and The result of the evaluation of process of family evolution is far from the desired path in these policies. Examining the indicators extracted from the aforementioned policies and evaluating them in Iranian society can draw a better perspective of the degree of realization of the goals of this cultural policy.The conflict between the roles of different cultural institutions in the government and outside it is one of the most important disputes that have been discussed since the first days of the victory of the Islamic Revolution until today. The performance of institutions outside the executive branch has led to the weakness and fragmentation of the country's executive branch due to the overlap of their duties with other institutions of the country, and sometimes it has been accompanied by direct and indirect protests from political and executive authorities. The connection of these institutions with the ideals of the Islamic Revolution has sometimes led them to functions outside of the legal and executive procedures of the country and has become the basis for the dissatisfaction of the executive bodies with the performance of these institutions. At the same time, the executive power of some of these institutions is sometimes wider than the power of the government and outside the supervision of the monitoring devices and elected institutions such as the Islamic Council, which is in conflict with the democratic exercise of political power as an important indicator of political development. In addition to role conflicts, the emergence of "parallel roles" among cultural institutions is one of the main executive problems of the country. The functioning of parallel institutions, the multiplicity of cultural institutions and the overlapping of their duties have often led to conflicts and differences between these institutions, and this has increased the cost of running the country and reduced the accountability of various institutions regarding their functioning, which can be summarized in a final summary. He acknowledged that the result of such a process, in the terms of conceptual framework as well as analytical models of the current article, is considered to reduce and weakness of political development. Many cultural institutions have been established in the country during the years after the revolution, and in some cases parallel work can be seen in the duties of these institutions. This parallelism is due to the lack of attention to the country's general policies and vision, the imprecise explanation of the duties of cultural institutions, the frequent replacement of officials, and the creation of institutions based on fleeting needs.Examining the state of implementation of cultural policies in the field of the family, which has been considered in this research as a special indicator for measuring the success rate of cultural institutions in the Islamic Republic, shows well that according to the cultural state of the country during the last three decades in the field of family such as the decline of the sanctity of the family institution, facilitating divorce and reducing the desire for marriage, the spread of new patterns of choosing a spouse, reducing the generality of marriage and increasing the age of marriage, increasing sexual relations outside of marriage and reducing the desire to have children and making family; It has shown the low efficiency of cultural institutions in this area.
There is a growing 'energy democracy' (ED) movement which regards the transition to renewable energy as an opportunity for socio-economic transformation, as well as technological innovation. The ...literature on ED tends to associate greater democratic control of energy systems with increased community control over the means of energy generation and distribution. Nonetheless, this literature often assumes rather than demonstrates that the forms of governance it promotes are more democratic than the status quo. This analysis contributes to the emerging field of ED by assessing the complex and varied ways in which communities in Scotland practise energy governance. By focusing on three key governance processes (decision-making, accountability and dispute resolution), the importance of local contexts for the establishment and negotiation of democratic practices is demonstrated. This local specificity, however, also raises further questions regarding the universal applicability of the ED concept.
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The transformation of the American South--from authoritarian to democratic rule--is the most important political development since World War II. It has re-sorted voters into parties, remapped ...presidential elections, and helped polarize Congress. Most important, it is the final step in America's democratization.Paths Out of Dixieilluminates this sea change by analyzing the democratization experiences of Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina.
Robert Mickey argues that Southern states, from the 1890s until the early 1970s, constituted pockets of authoritarian rule trapped within and sustained by a federal democracy. These enclaves--devoted to cheap agricultural labor and white supremacy--were established by conservative Democrats to protect their careers and clients. From the abolition of the whites-only Democratic primary in 1944 until the national party reforms of the early 1970s, enclaves were battered and destroyed by a series of democratization pressures from inside and outside their borders. Drawing on archival research, Mickey traces how Deep South rulers--dissimilar in their internal conflict and political institutions--varied in their responses to these challenges. Ultimately, enclaves differed in their degree of violence, incorporation of African Americans, and reconciliation of Democrats with the national party. These diverse paths generated political and economic legacies that continue to reverberate today.
Focusing on enclave rulers, their governance challenges, and the monumental achievements of their adversaries,Paths Out of Dixieshows how the struggles of the recent past have reshaped the South and, in so doing, America's political development.
A growing literature posits that vote buying dynamics depend on characteristics of the context and its voters. We explore vote buying in Nepal using a multi-methods approach combining survey ...experiments, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. We find that vote buying in Nepal aligns somewhat with other contexts. A list experiment reveals approximately 25% of Nepali voters receive a voter-buying offer and, in an unmonitored but contingent exchange, the same percentage vote for the offeror candidate or party. Cash and other private goods are the most common offers. In contrast to findings from other contexts, however, voter education level is the strongest predictor of refraining from vote buying in Nepal, and wealth is not a significant predictor. Our list experiment also finds that, in Nepal, clientelism appears to be a socially undesirable activity. Overall, our results support the increasingly dominant viewpoint that vote buying is highly context dependent.
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This article explores the relationship between temporary labor migration programs (TLMPs) in the post-war era and middle-class nation-building. The analysis centers on Canada, an exemplary case of ...balancing the rights of foreign workers and national concerns. By examining two eras of Canadian TLMPs - one Keynesian and the other neoliberal - I foreground how and why temporariness has reemerged as a norm in (im)migration policy. Relative to TLMPs before 1990, contemporary ones emphasize merit, skill, and private actors with implications for how countries like Canada imagine political belonging. In the neoliberal era, the normative emphasis on permanence is challenged by a more transactional view of people's standing in a political jurisdiction. If this is a global shift, this analysis raises questions about whether we are now experiencing a doubling down on the market logics of migration and national membership, a backlash against it, or something different.
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