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•Emulsions stabilized by the single emulsifier are susceptible to instability.•Plant polysaccharides have good emulsifying and thickening properties.•Different plant polysaccharides ...have different mechanisms for improving emulsion stability.•The application of plant polysaccharides in emulsions is summarized.
Emulsion is considered to be an excellent system for delivering nutraceuticals, but instability limits the application of the emulsion. Adding stabilizers is an effective method to improve the stability of the emulsion. Due to safety concerns, stabilizers from natural resources are attracting more and more attentions in food industry. Plant polysaccharides are natural biopolymers which are widely distributed in the cells of plants. Many plant polysaccharides have been shown good emulsifying and thickening effects, therefore, they are widely used as stabilizers in emulsions. The application of plant polysaccharides in improving emulsion stability was reviewed in this paper. Firstly, the factors affecting the stability of the emulsion were elaborated in detail. On this basis, the methods of improving the stability of the emulsion were discussed. Furthermore, the effects of the plant polysaccharide structures on emulsion stability were explained, such as the molecular weight of the polysaccharide, the hydrophobic group of the polysaccharide, and the protein content of the polysaccharide. Additionally, the application of several common plant polysaccharides and their derivatives in emulsions were introduced. It is hoped that this review can provide sufficient theoretical basis for application of plant polysaccharides in emulsions in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Momordica charantia polysaccharide (MCP) was extracted by hot water and chemically modified to obtain phosphorylated Momordica charantia polysaccharide (P-MCP) with degree of substitution 0.12 and ...sulfated Momordica charantia polysaccharide (S-MCP) with degree of substitution 0.45. The sugar content of the three polysaccharides was determined by phenol sulfuric acid method, 74.0%, 68.1% and 59.8% respectively. The scavenging ability of three polysaccharides to superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical, as well as their anti-lipid peroxidation and reduction ability were determined. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides varied with different chemical modifications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•A comprehensive review about the effects of marine polysaccharides and gut microbiota on metabolic syndrome.•The effects of marine microbial polysaccharides on metabolic syndrome is ...summarized, which deserves more attentoin.•The review summarizes the action pathway of marine polysaccharides and gut microbiota on attenuating metabolic syndrome.
Marine polysaccharides (MPs), including plant, animal, and microbial-derived polysaccharides, can alleviate metabolic syndrome (MetS) by different regulation mechanisms. MPs and their derivatives can attenuate MetS by vary cellular signal pathways, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α. Also, most of MPs cannot be degraded by human innate enzymes, but they can be degraded and fermented by human gut microbiota. The final metabolic products of these polysaccharides are usually short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can change the gut microbiota ecology by altering the existing percentage of special microorganisms. In addition, the SCFAs and changed gut microbiota can regulate enteroendocrine hormone secretion, blood glucose, lipid metabolism levels, and other MetS symptoms. Here, we summarize the up-to-date findings on the effects of MPs, particularly marine microbial-derived polysaccharides, and their metabolites on attenuating MetS.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
A novel polysaccharide named as MC-1 was isolated from the roots of Lepidium meyenii using a water extraction method. Structural characterization revealed that MC-1 had an average molecular weight of ...11.3 kDa and consisted of arabinose (26.21%), mannose (11.81%), glucose (53.66%), and galactose (8.32%). The main linkage types of MC-1 were proven to be (1 → 5)-α-l-Ara, (1 → 3)-α-l-Man, (1 → 2,6)-α-l-Man, (1 → )-α-d-Glc, (1 → 4)-α-d-Glc, (1 → 6)-α-d-Glc and (1 → 6)-β-d-Gal by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation-Smith degradation and NMR analysis. The immunostimulating assay indicated that MC-1 could significantly enhance the pinocytic and phagocytic capacity and promote the NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 secretion of RAW 264.7 cells, involving toll-like receptor 2, complement receptor 3, and mannose receptor mainly. These results suggested the potential utilization of MC-1 as an attractive functional food supplement candidate for hypoimmunity population.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Adjuvant is a substance added to vaccine to improve the immunogenicity of antigens, and it can induce stronger immune responses and reduce the dosage and production cost of vaccine in populations ...responding poorly to vaccination. Adjuvants in development or in use mainly include aluminum salts, oil emulsions, saponins, immune-stimulating complexes, liposomes, microparticles, nonionic block copolymers, polysaccharides, cytokines and bacterial derivatives. Polysaccharide adjuvants have attracted much attention in the preparation of nano vaccines and nano drugs because natural polysaccharides have the characteristics of intrinsic immunomodulating, biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and safety. Moreover, it has been proved that a variety of natural polysaccharides possess better immune promoting effects, and they can enhance the effects of humoral, cellular and mucosal immunities. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the recent studies on polysaccharides with vaccine adjuvant activities, including chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs), glucan, mannose, inulin polysaccharide and Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide. The application and future perspectives of polysaccharides as adjuvants were also discussed. These findings lay a foundation for the further development of polysaccharide adjuvants. Collectively, more and more polysaccharide adjuvants will be developed and widely used in clinical practice with more in-depth investigations of polysaccharide adjuvants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
High cellular concentrations of bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine mono-phosphate (c-di-GMP) regulate a diverse range of phenotypes in bacteria including biofilm development. The opportunistic ...pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the PEL polysaccharide to form a biofilm at the air-liquid interface of standing cultures. Among the proteins required for PEL polysaccharide production, PelD has been identified as a membrane-bound c-di-GMP-specific receptor. In this work, we present the x-ray crystal structure of a soluble cytoplasmic region of PelD in its apo and c-di-GMP complexed forms. The structure of PelD reveals an N-terminal GAF domain and a C-terminal degenerate GGDEF domain, the latter of which binds dimeric c-di-GMP at an RXXD motif that normally serves as an allosteric inhibition site for active diguanylate cyclases. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we demonstrate that PelD binds c-di-GMP with low micromolar affinity and that mutation of residues involved in binding not only decreases the affinity of this interaction but also abrogates PEL-specific phenotypes in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis of the juxtamembrane region of PelD suggests that it contains an α-helical stalk region that connects the soluble region to the transmembrane domains and that similarly to other GAF domain containing proteins, this region likely forms a coiled-coil motif that mediates dimerization. PelD with Alg44 and BcsA of the alginate and cellulose secretion systems, respectively, collectively constitute a group of c-di-GMP receptors that appear to regulate exopolysaccharide assembly at the protein level through activation of their associated glycosyl transferases.
Background: Binding of c-di-GMP to PelD regulates the biosynthesis of PEL exopolysaccharide.
Results: Apo and c-di-GMP complexed structures of the cytoplasmic region of PelD have been determined.
Conclusion: PelD contains a GAF domain and a degenerate GGDEF domain. Dimeric c-di-GMP binds at a conserved allosteric inhibition site commonly found in diguanylate cyclases.
Significance: This is the first structural characterization of a degenerate GGDEF domain c-di-GMP receptor.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ulvan is a complex sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Ulva, and ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan through a β-elimination mechanism to obtain oligosaccharides. In this study, a new ulvan lyase, ...EPL15085, which belongs to the polysaccharide lyase (PL) 28 family from Tamlana fucoidanivorans CW2-9, was characterized in detail. The optimal pH and salinity are 9.0 and 0.4 M NaCl, respectively. The K m and V max of recombinant EPL15085 toward ulvan are 0.80 mg·mL–1 and 11.22 μmol·min –1 mg–1·mL–1, respectively. Unexpectedly, it is very resistant to high temperatures. After treatment at 100 °C, EPL15085 maintained its ability to degrade ulvan. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis and site-directed mutagenesis analysis indicated that the strong rigidity of the disulfide bond between Cys74–Cys102 in the N-terminus is related to its thermostability. In addition, oligosaccharides with disaccharides and tetrasaccharides were the end products of EPL15085. Based on molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, Tyr177 and Leu134 are considered to be the crucial residues for enzyme activity. In conclusion, our study identified a new PL28 family of ulvan lyases, EPL15085, with excellent heat resistance that can expand the database of ulvan lyases and provide the possibility to make full use of ulvan.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Cashmere goat is known for the highest cashmere yield and best fiber quality. Here, the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJP) on goat sperm ...quality were investigated. Results showed that the sperm motility, mitochondrial activity, and membrane and acrosome integrity were significantly higher with 4.0 mg/mL LBP and 1.0 mg/mL LJP supplementations than in the control (P < 0.05), respectively. Higher SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels were observed in 4.0 mg/mL LBP and 1.0 mg/mL LJP groups than control group (P < 0.05). Sperm characteristics with 2.0 + 1.0 mg/mL LBP + LJP supplementation significantly improved compared to that with other treatments (P < 0.05). Compared to the control treatment, the non-return rate (NRR) were higher in the LBP + LJP (2.0 + 1.0 mg/mL) group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that LBP and LJP enhance cryo-protective effects on goat spermatozoa, and that 2.0 + 1.0 mg/mL LBP + LJP addition to the extender during cryopreservation is beneficial to the Cashmere goat breeding industry.
•LBP and LJP improved Cashmere goat sperm quality, respectively.•LBP+LJP improved fertility rate.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Three polysaccharides of uniform molecular weight designated as SJP1-1, SJP2-1, and SJP3-1 from Smilacina japonica were studied in this paper. Respectively, their specific optical rotations were ...−45°, −75°, and −35°, their polysaccharide contents were 89.22%, 93.05%, and 59.83%, their relative average molecular weights were 1.87 × 105 Da, 1.04 × 105 Da, and 1.36 × 104 Da. Three polysaccharides were all composed mainly of the three monosaccharides mannose, glucose, and galactose, which together in SJP1–1, SJP2–1, and SJP3–1 respectively made up 96.34%, 98.23%, and 91.67% of the total polysaccharide. The polysaccharide structure was maintained mostly by β-glucose (1 → 3), β-glucose (1 → 4), α-mannose (1 → 3), and α-galactose (1 → 4) glycosidic linkages. Scanning electron microscopy showed that SJP1–1, SJP2–1, and SJP3–1 were smooth uniform microspheres with diameters of 10–20 μm that combined to form both uniformly dispersed particles and blocky structures. Finally, antioxidant assay showed that these polysaccharides all had a strong ability to scavenge ·OH and DPPH· radicals, with the effects of purified polysaccharides being greater than those of crude polysaccharides. This first report on the properties of these polysaccharides provides a basis for further studies to shed light on the medical properties of Smilacina japonica.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Among the three main divisions of marine macroalgae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta), marine green algae are valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and remain largely ...unexploited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas. Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate novel sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from marine green algae because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Green seaweeds are known to synthesize large quantities of SPs and are well established sources of these particularly interesting molecules such as ulvans from Ulva and Enteromorpha, sulfated rhamnans from Monostroma, sulfated arabinogalactans from Codium, sulfated galacotans from Caulerpa, and some special sulfated mannans from different species. These SPs exhibit many beneficial biological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidative, antitumor, immunomodulating, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Therefore, marine algae derived SPs have great potential for further development as healthy food and medical products. The present review focuses on SPs derived from marine green algae and presents an overview of the recent progress of determinations of their structural types and biological activities, especially their potential health benefits.
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