Nepravilna in nenadzorovana poraba antibiotikov v bolnišnicah, pa tudi v zunajbolnišničnem okolju, spodbuja razvoj odpornih različic povzročiteljev, visoke stroške in neželene učinke. V zadnjih letih ...priporočajo večdisciplinarno sodelovanje, in sicer spremljanje rezultatov mednarodnega projekta DRIVE- AB. Pregledali smo seznam 20 kazalcev za meritve količine antibiotikov pri hospitaliziranih bolnikih (angl. identify quantity metrics, IQM). Namen naše raziskave je bil oceniti količino porabljenih antibiotikov po kazalcih IQM. V retrospektivni študiji smo v obdobju od 2014–2018 v 2 univerzitetnih in 10 splošnih bolnišnicah v Sloveniji izračunali porabo antibiotikov z metodo IQM. Izračunali smo definirani dnevni odmerek (DDO) na 100 bolnišničnih oskrbnih dni (BOD) (IQM 1), DDO/100 sprejemov (IQM 2), DDO/100 BOD/ (angl. case mix index, CMI) (IQM 3) in korelacijo med DDO/100 BOD in CMI in DDO/100 sprejemov in CMI (IQM 12) ter strošek hospitalizacije, izračunan v EUR (IQM 12). Za statistično analizo smo uporabili paket IBMI SPSS. Za analizo podatkov smo uporabili opisno statistiko in metodo Pearsonove korelacije in linearne regresije. Za statistično značilnost smo upoštevali p < 0,05. Od leta 2014 do leta 2018 je bila povprečna poraba antibiotikov v vseh vključenih bolnišnicah 55,10 DDO/100 BOD, 286 DDO/100 sprejemov. IQM 3 pa je bila 26,78. Dokazali smo močno korelacijo med DDO/100 sprejemov in CMI (p = 0,01) in DDO/100 BOD in CMI (p < 0,001) (IQM 12). Strošek hospitalizacije za nalezljive bolezni se je povečal od leta 2014 do leta 2018 od okrog 162 miljonov do 192 miljonov (IQM12). Tovrstni podatki so pomembni za napovedovanje porabe antibiotikov v slovenskih bolnišnicah in spremljanje stanja in napovedovanje gibanj na področju zdravstvenega varstva in porabe sredstev v Sloveniji. Pomembni so za politiko in tudi strokovnjake na tem področju (infektologe), ker lahko na podlagi izračunanih stroškov predvidijo porabo sredstev in vplivajo na zmanjšanje stroškov.
The aim of the study is to show the differences between the measured and estimated values of resting energy expenditure and any changes occurring after the 6-month weight loss intervention program.
...We included 33 healthy adults aged 25-49 years with an average body mass index 29.1±2.7 kg/m 2 for female and 29.8±2.8 kg/m
for male. The measured resting energy expenditure was obtained by indirect calorimeter MedGem® Microlife and estimated resting energy expenditure by the Harris-Benedict equation, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, the Owen equation, the Wright equation, and by the Tanita body composition analyser. All measurements and calculations were carried out before and after the 6-month intervention. Results were compared using paired t-tests. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
A comparison of the measured resting energy expenditure of female subjects with the estimated resting energy expenditure using the Harris-Benedict equation, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation and the Wright equation showed a statistically significant difference. A comparison of the measured resting energy expenditure of male subjects with the estimated resting energy expenditure using the Harris-Benedict equation and the Wright equation showed a statistically significant difference. There was a significant difference in the measured resting energy expenditure and estimated resting energy expenditure using Tanita.
We concluded that the most comparable equation for our sample was the Owen's equation. After losing weight, the measured resting energy expenditure has decreased, which must be taken into account in further diet therapy.
Paradigma sodobne energetske varnosti Prebilič, Vladimir; Juvan, Jelena
Dela (Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za geografijo),
12/2014
41
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Nove, netradicionalne grožnje varnosti, ki so vse bolj kompleksne in indirektne, so postale velik izziv vsem nacionalnim varnostnim sistemom. Med njimi je tudi vprašanje energetske varnosti. ...Naraščajoča energetska poraba na eni strani, primanjkovanje resursov za proizvodnjo energije na drugi strani, vodijo v t.i. energetsko odvisnost. Oskrba z energijo je nuja za normalno gospodarsko proizvodnjo in rast, je pomembna za dobrobit narodov ter ima velik vpliv na mnoga druga področja nacionalne varnosti, kot so varnost preskrbe s hrano in pitno vodo, okoljska varnost in trajnostni razvoj.
Uvod: Podobna biološka zdravila so trenutno realnost farmacevtskega trga v Evropski uniji. Članek opisuje trenutno zakonodajno politiko pridobitve registracij podobnih bioloških zdravil v državah ...Evropske unije in v Srbiji, ki ni članica EU. Izvedena je bila tudi podrobna analiza porabe podobnih bioloških zdravil na srbskem trgu.
The effect of uncertainty in a fuzzy Input-Output analysis of water consumption applied to Macedonia This paper reconsiders the reliability of the results obtained by Hristov et al. (2012) from the ...input-output analysis of water consumption, by taking into account the effect of uncertainty inherent in the data. The imprecision and uncertainty is studied within a workable fuzzy environment as introduced by Beynon et al. (2005), where rank reversal is plausible. In addition, the water-intensive structure of the Macedonian economy is investigated by applying Dietzenbacher eigenvector methodology (1992). As suggested in the analysis of Hristov et al. (2012), the water-intensive structure of the economy in Macedonia is confirmed as being mainly focused on agriculture and several industrial sectors, given that rank reversal is absent. Consequently, there is a need to introduce changes in the agricultural production technology as well as the specialization of production in this region.
Ocena nezanesljivosti fuzzy input-output analize porabe vode v Makedoniji Prispevek obravnava zanesljivost rezultatov input-output analize porabe vode v študiji Hristov in sod., 2012, ob upoštevanju nezanesljivosti podatkov. Nenatančnost in nezanesljivost podatkov proučujemo z uporabo ≫fuzzy≪ metodologije, ki so jo uvedli Beynon in sod. (2005) in omogoča spremembo rangov. Intenzivno strukturo porabe vode v makedonskem gospodarstvu proučujemo z uporabo metodologije Dietzenbacherjeve ≫eigenvektor≪ metodologije (1992) za porabo vode. Podobno kot v predhodni analizi Hristova in sod. (2012) smo brez spremembe rangov potrdili strukturo porabe vode v Makedoniji, ki je v glavnem osredotočena na kmetijstvo in nekatere industrijske panoge. Posledično morajo odločevalci pazljivo pretehtati spremembe v kmetijskih proizvodnih tehnologijah in proizvodnih usmeritvah v regiji, ali pa razmisliti o spremembi politike cen vode.
Background: Biosimilars are currently a reality of the pharmaceutical market in the European Union. This paper describes the current regulatory policy for approving biosimilars both in the European ...Union and in Serbia, which is not a Member State. Also, a comprehensive analysis on biosimilars consumption data on the Serbian market has been performed.
The European Medicines Agency has established a series of biosimilar scientific guidelines that comprises a regulatory policy for biosimilars in the European Union. This has enabled different biosimilar products to be marketed, making the European Union biosimilar market the most developed one globally. In the paper, this regulatory environment has been analysed, emphasising all relevant biosimilar guidelines as well as marketed biosimilar medicines. Also, an analysis is performed on Serbian regulatory requirements for approving and marketing biosimilars, analysing the Serbian regulatory authority’s consumption data as well as data available from the National Health Insurance Institution.
In the paper, the comprehensive analysis of the current European Union as well as Serbian regulatory environment has been presented, with a special emphasis on the Serbian market potential for biosimilar medicines. Detailed consumption data has been analysed for the period 2007-2011.
Serbia has good potential for biosimilar products, which is supported by national health insurance policy and the general trend of cutting the reimbursement costs for prescription medicines. Five year consumption data for biosimilars in Serbia shows that the Serbian biosimilars market is very small in terms of market share values, especially comparing to other large European biosimilar markets.
Uvod: Podobna biološka zdravila so trenutno realnost farmacevtskega trga v Evropski uniji. Članek opisuje trenutno zakonodajno politiko pridobitve registracij podobnih bioloških zdravil v državah Evropske unije in v Srbiji, ki ni članica EU. Izvedena je bila tudi podrobna analiza porabe podobnih bioloških zdravil na srbskem trgu.
Evropska agencija za zdravila je uvedla vrsto znanstvenih smernic za registracijo bioloških zdravil, ki veljajo za zakonodajo na tem področju v Evropski uniji. To je omogočilo registracijo številnih podobnih bioloških zdravil in farmacevtski trg v državah Evropske unije velja za enega izmed najrazvitejših na svetovni ravni. V članku je opisano zakonodajno okolje s poudarkom na vseh pomembnih regulatornih smernicah in tudi analiza registriranih podobnih bioloških zdravil. Prav tako je narejena analiza predpisanih regulatornih zahtev za pridobitev registracij in trženje podobnih bioloških zdravil v Srbiji; izvedena je bila tudi analiza porabe registriranih zdravil v Srbiji prek podatkov srbske agencije za zdravila in zavoda za zdravstveno zavarovanje.
V članku je predstavljena celovita analiza trenutnega zakonodajnega okolja v državah Evropske unije in v Srbiji s poudarkom na tržnem potencialu podobnih bioloških zdravil v Srbiji. Prav tako je podana podrobna analiza porabe bioloških zdravil za obdobje 2007-2011.
Srbija ima dober potencial za podobna biološka zdravila, ki so podprta z nacionalno zdravstveno politiko zavarovanja in s splošnim trendom zmanjševanja povračil stroškov za zdravila na recept. Petletni podatki o porabi podobnih bioloških zdravil v Srbiji kažejo, da je srbski trg zelo majhen v njihovi porabi, še posebej v primerjavi z drugimi večjimi evropskimi trgih podobnih bioloških zdravil.
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