Northeast Utilities Company adopted an ambitious new competitive
strategy in the mid-1980s, seeking to become the low-cost supplier
in New England electric power markets bracing for deregulation.
...Given its high-cost nuclear facilities, doing so required a
corporate turnaround. For a decade Northeast faced increasing
public and employee resistance to cost cutting at its nuclear
plants. Though management achieved many of its goals, curtailing
outlays on nuclear operations meant high risk that the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission would close the plants because of frequent,
prolonged outages. This is just what happened in 1996. Did
management's deliberate cost-containment strategy take nuclear
operations to an inevitable regulatory shutdown, and if so, why?
Was it the pursuit of executive compensation tied to cost
containment that caused undue risk of regulatory shutdown? Paul
MacAvoy and Jean Rosenthal describe ten years of corporate
performance preceding the shutdown, detailing aggressive executive
decisions, mounting regulatory actions in response to increasingly
severe operational failures, and--at the same time--overall
improvement in corporate earnings, stock prices, and executive pay
packages. They relate the complexities of managing declining
nuclear plant operations under ever more pressing budgetary
targets. Their discussion of the increasing risk of outages raises
the issue of the tradeoff of profit and conservative management of
hazard operations. All the more timely in light of the massive 2003
East Coast blackout, Corporate Profit and Nuclear Safety represents
a powerful and cautionary commentary on industrial practices that
goes to the heart of effective corporate governance.
Learning from Fukushima began as a project to respond in a helpful way to the March 2011 triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear meltdown) in north-eastern Japan. It evolved into a ...collaborative and comprehensive investigation of whether nuclear power was a realistic energy option for East Asia, especially for the 10 member-countries of ASEAN, none of which currently has an operational nuclear power plant. We address all the questions that a country must ask in considering the possibility of nuclear power, including cost of construction, staffing, regulation and liability, decommissioning, disposal of nuclear waste, and the impact on climate change. The authors are physicists, engineers, biologists, a public health physician, and international relations specialists. Each author presents the results of their work.
Since the dawn of the Atomic Age, nuclear experts have labored to
imagine the unimaginable and prevent it. They confronted a
deceptively simple question: When is a reactor "safe enough" to
adequately ...protect the public from catastrophe? Some experts sought
a deceptively simple answer: an estimate that the odds of a major
accident were, literally, a million to one. Far from simple, this
search to quantify accident risk proved to be a tremendously
complex and controversial endeavor, one that altered the very
notion of safety in nuclear power and beyond. Safe Enough?
is the first history to trace these contentious efforts, following
the Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
as their experts experimented with tools to quantify accident risk
for use in regulation and to persuade the public of nuclear power's
safety. The intense conflict over the value of risk assessment
offers a window on the history of the nuclear safety debate and the
beliefs of its advocates and opponents. Across seven decades and
the accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, the
quantification of risk has transformed both society's understanding
of the hazards posed by complex technologies and what it takes to
make them safe enough.
This book—the culmination of a truly collaborative international and highly interdisciplinary effort—brings together Japanese and American political scientists, nuclear engineers, historians, and ...physicists to examine the Fukushima accident from a new and broad perspective. It explains the complex interactions between nuclear safety risks (the causes and consequences of accidents) and nuclear security risks (the causes and consequences of sabotage or terrorist attacks), exposing the possible vulnerabilities all countries may have if they fail to learn from this accident. The book further analyzes the lessons of Fukushima in comparative perspective, focusing on the politics of safety and emergency preparedness. It first compares the different policies and procedures adopted by various nuclear facilities in Japan and then discusses the lessons learned—and not learned—after major nuclear accidents and incidents in other countries in the past. The book's editors conclude that learning lessons across nations has proven to be very difficult, and they propose new policies to improve global learning after nuclear accidents or attacks.
The March 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan plunged the country into a state of crisis. As the nation struggled to recover from a record breaking magnitude 9 earthquake and a tsunami that was as ...high as thirty-eight meters in some places, news trickled out that Fukushima had experienced meltdowns in three reactors. These tragic catastrophes claimed some 20,000 lives, initially displacing some 500,000 people and overwhelming Japan's formidable disaster preparedness.
This book brings together the analysis and insights of a group of distinguished experts on Japan to examine what happened, how various institutions and actors responded and what lessons can be drawn from Japan’s disaster. The contributors, many of whom experienced the disaster first hand, assess the wide-ranging repercussions of this catastrophe and how it is already reshaping Japanese culture, politics, energy policy, and urban planning.
'The triple disasters of 11 March 2011 will change the face of Japan and this is the best place to understand how. This timely and excellent publication is packed with important insights into the consequences of these disasters and challenges mainstream media views and misperceptions concerning PM Kan’s disaster management.' - Sven Saaler, Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan
" One of the most impressive and memorable features of the book edited by Kingston is its tone of immediacy: the various contributors draw on many years of scholarly insight and experience to describe events and scenarios in a style of narrative that aspires beyond common journalistic analysis." – Keith Jackson, SOAS, University of London
Jeff Kingston is Professor of History and Director of Asian Studies at Temple University, Japan. He is the author of Japan's Quiet Transformation (2004) and Contemporary Japan (2011).
Introduction, Jeff Kingston Part I. Disaster: Reports from Tohoku 1. Tohoku Diary: Reportage on the Tohoku Disaster, Gerald Curtis 2. Recovery in Tohoku, John F. Morris Part II. Volunteerism, Civil Society and Media 3. From Kobe to Tohoku: The Potential and the Peril of a Volunteer Infrastructure, Simon Avenell 4. Civil Society and the Triple Disasters: Revealed Strengths and Weaknesses, Yuko Kawato, Robert Pekkanen and Yutaka Tsujinaka 5. Social Media in Disaster Japan, David H. Slater, Nishimura Keiko and Love Kindstrand 6. March 11, 2011 Online: Comparing Japanese Newspaper Websites and International News Websites, Leslie M. Tkach-Kawasaki Part III. Energy 7. Networks of Power: Institutions and Local Residents in Post-Tohoku Japan, Daniel P. Aldrich 8. Hard Choices: Japan's Post-Fukushima Energy Policy in the 21st Century, Paul J. Scalise 9. Fukushima and the Political Economy of Power Policy in Japan, Andrew Dewitt, Iida Tetsunari and Masuru Kaneko Part IV. History and Politics 10. Dealing With Disaster, Peter Duus 11. The Politics of Natural Disaster, Nuclear Crisis and Recovery, Jeff Kingston 12. Friends in Need: 'Operation Tomodachi' and the Politics of US Military Disaster Relief in Japan, Chris Ames and Yuiko Koguchi-Ames Part V. Recovery and Reconstruction 13. The Economic Fallout: Japan's Post-3/11 Challenges, Kenneth Neil Cukier 14. Ageing Society, Health Issues and Disaster: Assessing 3/11, Junko Otani 15. Thousand-Year Event: Towards Reconstructing Communities, Riccardo Tossani 16. Can Post-3/11 Japan overcome 20 years of drift? Kazuhiko Togo
Generation IV nuclear power plants (GEN IV NPPs) are supposed to become, in many countries, an important source of base load power in the middle–long term (2030–2050). Nowadays there are many designs ...of these NPPs but for political, strategic and economic reasons only few of them will be deployed. International literature proposes many papers and reports dealing with GEN IV NPPs, but there is an evident difference in the types and structures of the information and a general unbiased overview is missing. This paper fills the gap, presenting the state-of-the-art for GEN IV NPPs technologies (VHTR, SFR, SCWR, GFR, LFR and MSR) providing a comprehensive literature review of the different designs, discussing the major R&D challenges and comparing them with other advanced technologies available for the middle- and long-term energy market. The result of this research shows that the possible applications for GEN IV technologies are wider than current NPPs. The economics of some GEN IV NPPs is similar to actual NPPs but the “carbon cost” for fossil-fired power plants would increase the relative valuation. However, GEN IV NPPs still require substantial R&D effort, preventing short-term commercial adoption.
•Generation IV reactors are the middle–long term technology for nuclear energy.•This paper provides an overview and a taxonomy for the designs under consideration.•R&D efforts are in the material, heat exchangers, power conversion unit and fuel.•The life cycle costs are competitive with other innovative technologies.•The hydrogen economy will foster the development of Generation IV reactors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Regular inspection of nuclear power plant components is important to guarantee safe operations. However, current practice is time consuming, tedious, and subjective, which involves human technicians ...reviewing the inspection videos and identifying cracks on reactors. A few vision-based crack detection approaches have been developed for metallic surfaces, and they typically perform poorly when used for analyzing nuclear inspection videos. Detecting these cracks is a challenging task since they are tiny, and noisy patterns exist on the components' surfaces. This study proposes a deep learning framework, based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a Naïve Bayes data fusion scheme, called NB-CNN, to analyze individual video frames for crack detection while a novel data fusion scheme is proposed to aggregate the information extracted from each video frame to enhance the overall performance and robustness of the system. To this end, a CNN is proposed to detect crack patches in each video frame, while the proposed data fusion scheme maintains the spatiotemporal coherence of cracks in videos, and the Naïve Bayes decision making discards false positives effectively. The proposed framework achieves a 98.3% hit rate against 0.1 false positives per frame that is significantly higher than state-of-the-art approaches as presented in this paper.
Solid sensible heat storage is an attractive option for high-temperature storage applications regarding investment and maintenance costs. Using concrete as solid storage material is most suitable, as ...it is easy to handle, the major aggregates are available all over the world, and there are no environmentally critical components. Long-term stability of concrete has been proven in oven experiments and through strength measurements up to 500 ° C. Material parameters and storage performance have been validated in a 20-m 3 test module with more than 23 months of operation between 200 ° C and 400 ° C and more than 370 thermal cycles. For an up-scaled concrete storage design with 1100-MWh capacity in a modular setup for a 50 MW el parabolic trough power plant of the ANDASOL-type, about 50 000 m 3 of concrete is required and the investment costs are approximately 38 million euro. The simulation of the annual electricity generation of a 50 MW el parabolic trough power plant with a 1100-MWh concrete storage illustrates that such plants can operate in southern Europe delivering about 3500 full load hours annually; about 30% of this electricity would be generated by the storage system. This number will increase further, when improved operation strategies are applied. Approaches for further cost reduction using heat transfer structures with high thermal conductivity inside the concrete are analyzed, leading to a 60% reduction in the number of heat exchanger pipes required. For implementation of the structures, the storage is build up of precast concrete blocks.
Future trends in air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for China are of great concern to the community. A set of global scenarios regarding future socio-economic and climate developments, ...combining shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) with climate forcing outcomes as described by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), was created by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Chinese researchers have also developed various emission scenarios by considering detailed local environmental and climate policies. However, a comprehensive scenario set connecting SSP-RCP scenarios with local policies and representing dynamic emission changes under local policies is still missing.
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