Abstract Introduction Recently, we reported that in mandibular molars contracted endodontic cavities (CECs) improved fracture strength compared with traditional endodontic cavities (TECs) but ...compromised instrumentation efficacy in distal canals. This study assessed the impacts of CECs on instrumentation efficacy and axial strain responses in maxillary molars. Methods Eighteen extracted intact maxillary molars were imaged with micro–computed tomographic imaging (12-μm voxel), assigned to CEC or TEC groups ( n = 9/group), and accessed accordingly. Canals were instrumented (V-Taper2H; SSWhite Dental, Lakewood, NJ) with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation, reimaged, and the proportion of the modified canal wall determined. Cavities were restored with bonded composite resin (TPH-Spectra-LV; Dentsply International, York, PA). Another 28 similar molars ( n = 14/group) with linear strain gauges (Showa Measuring Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) attached to mesiobuccal and palatal roots were subjected to load cycles (50–150 N) in the Instron Universal Testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA), and the axial microstrain was recorded before access and after restoration. These 28 molars and additional 11 intact molars (control) were cyclically fatigued (1 million cycles, 5–50 N, 15 Hz) and subsequently loaded to failure. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). Results The overall mean proportion of the modified canal wall did not differ significantly between CECs (49.7% ± 12.0%) and TECs (44.7% ± 9.0%). Relative changes in axial microstrain responses to load varied in both groups. The mean load at failure for CECs (1703 ± 558 N) did not differ significantly from TECs (1384 ± 377 N) and was significantly lower ( P < .005) for both groups compared with intact molars (2457 ± 941 N). Conclusions In maxillary molars tested in vitro , CECs did not impact instrumentation efficacy and biomechanical responses compared with TECs.
Bowel preparation quality scales for colonoscopy Kastenberg, David; Bertiger, Gerald; Brogadir, Stuart
World journal of gastroenterology : WJG,
2018-Jul-14, 2018-7-14, 20180714, Volume:
24, Issue:
26
Journal Article
Open access
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Colonoscopy is widely preferred for CRC screening and is the most ...commonly used method in the United States. Adequate bowel preparation is essential for successful colonoscopy CRC screening. However, up to one-quarter of colonoscopies are associated with inadequate bowel preparation, which may result in reduced polyp and adenoma detection rates, unsuccessful screens, and an increased likelihood of repeat procedure. In addition, standardized criteria and assessment scales for bowel preparation quality are lacking. While several bowel preparation quality scales are referred to in the literature, these differ greatly in grading methodology and categorization criteria. Published reliability and validity data are available for five bowel preparation quality assessment scales, which vary in several key attributes. However, clinicians and researchers continue to use a variety of bowel preparation quality measures, including nonvalidated scales, leading to potential confusion and difficulty when comparing quality results among clinicians and across clinical trials. Optimal clinical criteria for bowel preparation quality remain controversial. The use of validated bowel preparation quality scales with stringent but simple scoring criteria would help clarify clinical trial data as well as the performance of colonoscopy in clinical practice related to quality measurements.
The copper(I)-catalyzed carboxylation reaction of aryl- and alkenylboronic esters proceeded smoothly under CO2 to give the corresponding carboxylic acid in good yield. This reaction showed wide ...generality with higher functional group tolerance compared to the corresponding Rh(I)-catalyzed reaction.
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Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) is a widely used protein processing technique in “bottom-up” proteomics. Its popularity reflects the key features of the method: its applicability to a variety ...of sample types and the high quality of the released peptides. Successful application of FASP requires optimized properties of sample lysate and its amount, use of ultrafiltration units with membranes having large molecular mass cut-offs and well selected conditions for protein digestion. In contrast to the majority of sample preparation methods, FASP allows digestion of proteins with a variety of enzymes and a straightforward monitoring of protein-to-peptide conversion. A unique feature of FASP is the possibility to cleave proteins in a consecutive way using several proteases and to separate peptide fractions. Understanding principles of the method gives guidance in applying FASP to different types of samples in optimization of conditions of the FASP-workflow.
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•Filter Aided Sample Preparation method allows efficient sample preparation for “bottom up” LC-MS proteomic analysis.•Molecular foundations of the method are described.•Technological constrains of FASP are discussed.•This is a guide to the FASP method providing hints for optimization of sample preparation workflows.
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Turmeric is a curry spice that originated from India, which has attracted great interest in recent decades because it contains bioactive curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and ...bisdemethoxycurcumin). Curcumin (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione), a lipophilic polyphenol may work as an anticancer, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging agent as suggested by several in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials. However, poor aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic profiles limit curcumin's therapeutic usage. To address these issues, several curcumin formulations have been developed. However, suboptimal sample preparation and analysis methodologies often hamper the accurate evaluation of bioactivities and their clinical efficacy. This review summarizes recent research on biological, pharmaceutical, and analytical aspects of the curcumin. Various formulation techniques and corresponding clinical trials and in vivo outcomes are discussed. A detailed comparison of different sample preparation (ultrasonic, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave, reflux) and analytical (FT-IR, FT-NIR, FT-Raman, UV, NMR, HPTLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS) methodologies used for the extraction and quantification of curcuminoids in different matrices, is presented. Application of optimal sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and detection methodologies will significantly improve the assessment of different formulations and biological activities of curcuminoids.
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Nanoparticles (NPs) have an outstanding position in pharmaceutical, biological, and medical disciplines. Polymeric NPs based on chitosan (CS) can act as excellent drug carriers because of some ...intrinsic beneficial properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, bioactivity, easy preparation, and targeting specificity. Drug transport and release from CS-based particulate systems depend on the extent of cross-linking, morphology, size, and density of the particulate system, as well as physicochemical properties of the drug. All these aspects have to be considered when developing new CS-based NPs as potential drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review is summarizing and discussing recent advances in CS-based NPs being developed and examined for drug delivery. From this point of view, an enhancement of CS properties by its modification is presented. An enhancement in drug delivery by CS NPs is discussed in detail focusing on (i) a brief summarization of basic characteristics of CS NPs, (ii) a categorization of preparation procedures used for CS NPs involving also recent improvements in production schemes of conventional as well as novel CS NPs, (iii) a categorization and evaluation of CS-based-nanocomposites involving their production schemes with organic polymers and inorganic material, and (iv) very recent implementations of CS NPs and nanocomposites in drug delivery.
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BACKGROUND:Comparative efficacy of same-day bowel preparations for colonoscopy remains unclear.
AIMS:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of same-day versus split ...dose bowel preparations for colonoscopy.
METHODS:A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Registry, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and CINAHL. Studies were gathered using keywords“morning preparation”, “morning bowel preparation”, “same day bowel preparation”, and “colonoscopy.” Pooled estimates of bowel preparation quality were analyzed among studies with categorical and continuous outcomes according to relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD). A random effects model was chosen a priori for all analyses.
RESULTS:A total of 1216 studies were retrieved with 15 trials meeting inclusion criteria. The categorical outcome of high quality bowel preparation for any same-day bowel preparation versus any split preparation was no different with a RR 0.95 0.90;1.00 (P=0.62). Adenoma detection rate (ADR) was not different between groups, RR 0.97 0.79;1.20 (P=0.81). Willingness to repeat and tolerability did not differ (RR 1.14 0.96,1.36 (P=0.14) and RR 1.00 0.96;1.04 (P=0.98), respectively. Adverse events were similar except for bloating, which was less frequent among the same-day preparation group, RR 0.68 0.40;0.94 (P=0.02).
CONCLUSION:No clinically significant differences were noted among recipients of same day or split dose regimens. Adenoma detection rate, willingness to repeat and tolerability were similar, but bloating and interference with sleep favored the same-day preparations. Given lack of clinical differences, patient preference should dictate timing of colonoscopy preparation.
Efficient and reproducible sample preparation is a prerequisite for any robust and sensitive quantitative bottom-up proteomics workflow. Here, we performed an independent comparison between ...single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3), filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), and a commercial kit based on the in-StageTip (iST) method. We assessed their performance for the processing of proteomic samples in the low μg range using varying amounts of HeLa cell lysate (1–20 μg of total protein). All three workflows showed similar performances for 20 μg of starting material. When handling sample sizes below 10 μg, the number of identified proteins and peptides as well as the quantitative reproducibility and precision drastically dropped in case of FASP. In contrast, SP3 and iST provided high proteome coverage even in the low μg range. Even when digesting 1 μg of starting material, both methods still enabled the identification of over 3000 proteins and between 25 000 and 30 000 peptides. On average, the quantitative reproducibility between experimental replicates was slightly higher in case of SP3 (R 2 = 0.97 (SP3); R 2 = 0.93 (iST)). Applying SP3 toward the characterization of the proteome of FACS-sorted tumor-associated macrophages in the B16 tumor model enabled the quantification of 2965 proteins and revealed a “mixed” M1/M2 phenotype.
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